a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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13. Sallust, BJ, XCII, 1-4, alia oppida.
14. Suetonius, Vespasian, 4.
15. For an integrated account of the Iron Age background, the hillforts and
the history of the Roman invasion of Britain, see Cunliffe 1973,16-18,
22; 1978,83-136.
16. In North Africa Cirta (Constantine) is a spectacular exception to this
general rule. Bertier 1981, plate 1; Horn and Auger 1979, Plate 12,
illustrate the tremendous natural defences provided by the Constantine
gorge. The origin of the site was almost certainly as an dperon barre
hillfort site.
17. The topic is much neglected, but see Csell, HAAN V, 232-45,250-57;
Fentress 1979,30-39, has drawn up a disappointingly short list of
native sites, based mainly on Gsell 1913; Marion 1957,117-73; 1959,
27-41, provided a useful study of a region peripheral to the Mauretanias;
Lawless 1970,, Vol. I, 55-87 and II, 1-20 is a useful summary of this
and other work on Mauretania Caesariensis; the work of Daniels in the
Fezzan is of most relevance to the current study, see note 37, below.
18. Marion 1957,126-28 and Plates I, II, IV, VI and VII, provides a
graphic illustration of the type; also Lawless 1970,71-75.
19. Gsell, HAAN V, 234; Marion 1959,27-41.
20. Fentress 1979,31 (her site 6, Gouiret).
21. Beechey and Beechey 1828,504-12, "I could not but be sorely disappointed
on seeing some ill-constructed houses.
.. and a few tombs ...
mixed style and of very indifferent taste. "
22. Gsell, HAAN V, 233-35.
23. Marion 1957,117-63; Lawless 1970,57-62; Fentress, 1979,33-36;
in
a
Daniels 1968,113-94. Personal observation.
24. Marion 1957,126-27,171-73. Jorf Ouazzern (site 129) is 600 x 340 m
in size (Plates VI, 2, VII). Jebel Mahsseur (site 148) is a vast eperon
800 x 400 m (Plate VI, 1). Other eperon barrc sites recorded in the
Oudja/Ras Asfour region were p. 165-73, sites 15,28 (100 x 80 m),
57 (Plate II), 111( ), 112,113 (Plate XI, 2), 114 (Plate IV), 125,
127,130 (2 phases, 150 x 75 in. and 185 x 90 m), 146 (275 x 100 m),
147 (240 x 170 m).
25. Lawless 1970,57-62; Fentress 1979,35-36 suggests four alternative
models.
26. Contra the explanations offered by Marion, Lawless and Fentress, which
all presume that several distinct tribes were involved.
27. Marion 1957,126-27.
28. Lawless 1970,59.
29. Gellner 1969,56.
30. Lawless 1970, I. 71-75, II9 1-20.
31. Gsell 1913, contains references to numerous examples as does Gsell
HAAN V, 232-50.
32. Fentress 1979,30-39, lists only ten sites and gives no new information
on them.
33. Baradez 1949a, 251,253; Fentress, 1979,39.
34. Berthier 1981,73-79, Figs. 8 and 9. See note 8, above.
35. A Trajanic boundary stone delimiting the north-eastern extent of
Musulamian territory was found 5 km east of Kalaat Senane, AS, 1923,26.
36. Berthier 1981,74, gives the area of the plateau as 90-100 ha. The
densely built up area covers about one third of this.
37. Daniels 1968,113-194; 1969,31-52; 1970a; 1970b; 27-66; 1971a, 261-85;
1971b, 6-7; 1973,35-40; 1975,249-65; 1977,5-7. See also Pace, Sergi
and Caputo 1951,201-431; Ayoub 1962; 1967a and b.
38. Daniels 1968,113-94 - 1970b, 37-66 (an abridged version of the report
on Zinchecra). For the work in Old Germa, Ayoub 1962,12-20; 1967a,
12-26; Daniels 1971a, 264-65.
39. Approximate values calculated from fig. 14.