a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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52. See below, the section headed Laguatan. Corippus, I, 480-82; V, 178-80;
VII9 530-33; Mattingly
1983, forthcoming.
53. For the primary sources, see Pace, Sergi and Caputo 1951,151-200;
Desanges 1962,93-96; Daniels 1969; 1970a. For recent archaeological
work, see Pace, Sergi and Caputo 1951,201-442; Ayoub 1962; 1967a and b,
passim; Daniels 1968; 1969; 1970a, 1970b; 1971a; 1971b; 1973; 1975; 1977;
all passim. For the limited but important anthropological work, see
Pace, Sergi and Caputo 1951,443-542.
54. Daniels 1970a, 36-37.
55. Daniels 1970a, 17-18; 1971a, 269-70; 1973,36-37.
56. Daniels 1968,113-194. An abridged version of this report appeared as
Daniels 1970b, 37-66; also Daniels 1973,37.
57. Daniels 1973,35-40.
58. Daniels 1969,34.
59. " Daniels 1970a, 17. The suggestion that the fauces metaphor may be
best applied to the Hun-Waddan gap I owe to my supervisor, Prof. G. D. B.
Jones.
60. Marichal 1979,448-51. Rebuffat 1975a, 165-87 showed that the Libyan
alphabet found in the vices at Bu Njem is not the same as the Caramantian
one; also 1982c, 196-99.
61. See above Chapter 3: 1, notes 19-22. Note also Romanelli 1977,429-38,
who still favoured seeking the majority of Pliny's locations in the
Fezzan; Daniels 1970a, 13-16,20-21,37.
62. Daniels 1970a, 27-35; Ayoub 1962,20; 1967a, 21-22; Compare section
4: 3 below. Classical references also associate the Garamantes with
the Amten cult, Lucan, IX, 511f; Silius Italicus I, 414-17, II 56-67;
III 6-11, III, 647-714.
63. Ayoub 1967a, 1-11,27-48; 1967b, 213-19.
64. Desanges 1962,94-95; Pace, Sergi and Caputo 1951,443-542; Daniels
1970a, 27-35. Gsell and Bovill 1968,31 believed they were a negroid
people.
65. Bates 1914,67-68,71; Desanges 1962,82,101-02; Courtois 1955,
102-04,344-50; Brogan 1975,282-84; Jerary 1976.
66. A thesis originated by Gsell 1926,149-66.
67. Abd al Hakam, 35-37, Ibn Khaldun, 168,226,273; Courtois 1955,77-78,
104-05,348-49; Brogan 1975,282-84; Camps 1980,127-28 describes the
Botr berbers as "neoberbares" and were distinct from the "paleoberberes"
of the earlier migrations and who appear in the Arab sources as Beranes.
See now Mattingly 1983.
68. Procopius, BV, IV, 21,2-22; IV, 22,13-20; IV928,47; de Aed. VI, 4;
Corippus, loh, passim. See also Jerary 1976,26-129 for translations
of some of the relevant sources.
69. Pringle 1981,13-16,29-40 provides the best recent analysis of the
Byzantine campaigns. See also Jerary 1976,130-178.
70. The election of Carcasan as Ierna's successor is described in the
following way (VI, 142-44) "cuncti clamore sequuntur Carcasan fremenunt,
Carcasan omnibus unum gentibus esse ducem linguis animisque fatentur. "
71 Synesius described the ravages caused by these raiders in some detail,
Letters, 104,108,125,130 and in his Catastasis I, col. 1568-69; 1572.
See also the excellent discussion by Tomlin 1979,259-70 and the paper
by Goodchild 1976b, 239-54.
72. The confederation included both semi-nomadic and sedentary people, a
fact which coupled with the geographic spread of the Laguatan perplexed
Courtois 1955,102-104,344-50, who saw them as a fully nomadic tribe
and could not account for the apparent contradiction.
73. Other references to the Ifuraces support this impression, Corippus, II,
113; III, 412; VIII, 490,648.
74. Mazax: roh, I, 549; V, 80; 376; VI, 44; 167; 450. Urceliana: II, 75;
VI, 390.