a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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14. Di Vita 1964,67-71; Brogan 1964,47-56; 1971,121-30. Also personal
observation (ULVP) of the opus Africanum farms and. nausolea.
15. On the Neo-Punic language and inscriptions, Levi Della Vida 1927; 1949;
1951; 1963; 1964a and b; 1965, passim. Many of the people mentioned on
inscriptions bore Libyan names.
16. Abd al-Hakam, (trans. Gateau 1947), 35-37. Translated into English and
commented on by Oates 1953,113.
17. For a full discussion, see Chapter 6: 3.
18. Thompson 1971,235-50, discusses the strength of the peregrine aristo-
cracy in the Tripolitanian cities in the first century A. D. He concludes
that Italians made little headway towards achieving a dominant social
position.
19. Desanges 1964b, 33-47; Fentress 1979,47; 56-57, places the Gaetuli in
the Aures and attributes the Medracen tomb to a Gaetulian chieftain,
which is unlikely unless the Gaetuli were much more strongly confederated
than it is argued here. The Medracen was more than likely a monument
connected with the Punic or heavily-Punicised community of Cirta
(Constantine), Berthier 1981,159-77. But see now Fentress 1982,325-
34; Trousset 1982b, 98.
20. Gsell, HAAN V, 111; Desanges 1957,34-40; Fentress 1979,111, identify
the Wadi Djedi as the Nigris, which divided Africa from Aethiopia.
Picard 1944,22-31, took the alternative view that the Nigris was in
fact the Niger, but most scholars still favour the Djedi/Nigris
identification.
21. AMS, 1: 2500,000,. Edition 1, Mizda, sheet NH 33.1, Grid Ref. TQ3048.
22. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,57-58,66. The addition of initial "t" and
final "i" is the normal berber method of denoting the feminine case,
Gsell, HAAN I, 309-26; Bates 1914/1970,73-90.
23. Rebuffat 1969,194-95 on Ghadames; 1972,322-24 on the oases of Sinaouen
and Chawan to the north-east
of Ghadames.
24. Euzennat and Trousset 1975,57 and Fig. 15, p. 62; Sarel-Sternberg
1963,123-33. Nineteenth century transhumance extended from the Nefzaoua
to Bir el-Guecira, south-west of Remada (Tillibari). Touareg Ifoghas
raided similarly long distances up this route from Ghadames. The map
drawn up by Euzennat and Trousset indicates the northward transhumance
patterns between Ghadames and Gebel.
25. Desanges 1962,130-31,138; Brogan 1975,279-80.
26. Desanges 1962,91-92 (Gamphasantes); 91 (Gadabitani); 138 (Theriodes).
27. Louis 1975, is an excellent geographic and ethnographic study of the
region, although he concentrates mainly on the Gebel zone which is the
most populous.
28. Sarel-Sternberg 1963,123-33; Louis 1975,145-51; Bataillon 1963,113-
21, has shown that a third transhumance route operates between tribes
of the Rebaia region (El Oued) and the Nefzaoua around the south side
of the Chott Djerid.
29. Desanges 1962,80-81.
30. BCTH, 1906,249-50; BCTH, 1909,278-79; ILAf 655. A milestone 29 milia
from the Civitas Nybgeniorum, which can be confidently identified with
Telmine, see Cagnat 1909; Carton 1914/1915.
31. Trousset 1974,41-50, site no's 1-14,16. Personal observation in the
oases of Telmine and Mansoura revealed the existence of tells or massive
occupation build-up in the centre of the oases.
32. The figures are taken from Sarel-Sternberg 1963,124; see also Bataillon
1963,113; Poncet 1963,278-91, gives information on the hydraulic supply
of the oases and their agriculture.
33. As another example, the Astakoures were placed between the Garamantian
fauces and the Dolopes by Ptolemy, which must indicate a pre-desert
location. The realities of apparent long distance transhumance in
modern times has tended to be shorter range movement by several sub-