a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

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22. Gellner 1969,35-68 and figure b, p. 38; Dunn 1973,85-107; 1977;
Johnson 1973,33-39; Vinogradov 1973,67-84.
23. My account draws heavily on the accounts of Gsell HAAN V, 27-81;
Bates 1914,113-17; Rachet 1970,22-23; Gellner 1969, passim;
Gellner and Micaud 1973, passim.
24. Gsell, HAAN V, 62-63; Rachet 1970,22.
25. Gsell, HAAN V, 75-81; Rachet 1970,20.
26. Gellner 1969,81-93.
27. Bates 1914; 114-15.
28. Gellner 1969,69; see also Hart 1973,25-58 and the comments on
Gellner's work in Fentress 1979,45.
29. Gellner 1969,40-46, expressed surprise at the failure of the Moroccan
Atlas tribes to provide a united front to the French invasion of the
1920's and 19'0's. It was from the Atlas region that most of the new
Moroccan dynasties had arisen -as a result of coalescence of tribal
confederations behind charismatic leaders (pp. 4-9).
30. On the Quinquegentiani (or Quinquegentanei) see Desanges 1962,67;
Courtois 1955,120 and Galand 1971,277-79, who observed that five has
been a significant number in many more recent berber alliances.
Fentress 1982,330-34, argues that the Gaetuli were a "super-tribe"
comparable with the Zenata.
31. Mann 1974b, 34-42; 1979b, 144-51; A. R. Birley 1974,13-25, on the
problems faced from Antonine times on the Rhine and Danube.
32. Fentress 1979,43-44, also discusses this aspect, observing that "it
is not certain that the limits of the applications of gens and natio
were any more apparent to the Romans than they are to us. " Tacitus,
Ann, II, 52, referred to Tacfarinas as both natione Numida and dux
Musulamiorum (a gens). The Gaetuli were confederated from various
tribes. CIL V, 526.7 = ILS, 2721 refers to a praefectus (.... ]
nationum Gaetulicarum sex quae sent. The Cinithi appear on inscriptions
as both a gens and a natio, CIL 8.10500 and 22729. See also Berque
1953,20-80; Fentress 1982,325-34.
33. See above, note 19.
34. Pliny, V, 29-30.
35. I am indebted to Mr. D. R. Evans for discussing the comparative
evidence which he had collected in the course of his own research on
frontier people in Roman Britain.
36. Pliny, V, 1.
37. Sallust BJ, V, 4, rex Numidarum; Pliny, VIII, 40 rex Garamanticae.
38. Tacitus, Ann., II, 52, dux Musulamiorum, dux Maurorum.
39. Corippus, loh, IV, 597, princeps ...
lerna. Also below, notes 46 to
58 for the principes of the Baquates tribe.
40. Corippus, I, 463; 465; II, 343; 358, Antalas described as tyrannus.
41. CIL V, 5267 - ILS, 2721 and note 32 above. See also Leaveau 1973.
42, CIL 8.17327 (Diocletianic) records a temple restored by universi seniores
Mas[... ]rensium... anno Fortunatiani mag(istratus).
43. Note 42 above; CIL8.15667 seniores Ucubitani; CIL 8.15721-2.
Seston and Euzennat, 1971,478-79 for the populares of the Zegrenses.
44. Corippus, roh, II, 109; IV, 597; 631, etc. (Ierna); IV, 639; VI, 104;
143; 170 etc. (Carcasan). Compare Tacitus, Ann, II, 52; III 20-21;
73-74 (Tacfarinas); CIL 8,9047 - ILS 2767, Faraxen rebellis cum
satellitibus suis'. Amm Marcellinus, XXIX, 5,1-56 (Firmus).
45. On the Baquates generally, see Desanges 1962,28-31; Frezouls 1957,65-
116; 1980,65-93; Carcopino 1943 258-75; Sigman 1977,415-39. On the
Bavares, see Desanges 1962,46-48; Camps 1955,241-88; Courtois 1955,
96-97. On the Macennites see Desanges 1962,33-34. Frezouls 1957,65-
116 and 1980,65-93 are the best accounts of the altars, but see also
Frezouls 1952; 1953; 1956 and Romanelli 1962,1347-366.