a comparative study of a Roman frontier province. - Historia Antigua

-374-
2: 3/2: 4
13. Nachtigal 1974,41-44 (4 years drought in 1869); Tripolitania II, 1932,
10 (end of a7 year drought); Ward 1967,55 (5 year drought 1959-1964).
14. Despois 1964,9; Kanter 1967,97-98.
15. Moreau 1947,31-34, in April 1939,72 mm fell in a few hours at Kebili
compared to only 20 mm in the entire agricultural year of 1944-45:
For flash-floods see, Lyon 1821,61,322; Nachtigal 1974,44; Tripolitania
II, 1932,10; Barker and Jones 1981,34 (notably floods of up to 2m
in the wadi Beni Ulid); also Vita-Finzi, 1969,38-42; Louis 1975,183-89.
16. Jones and Barker 1980; Barker and Jones 1981,1982. The same technology
is still employed in the Gebel, Despois 1935,97-120; Louis 1975,152-
64; 183-89 and there are ancient parallels from Syria, Palestine and
Jordan, Evenari et al 1971,95-119; Mayerson 1962; Kennedy 1982.
17. Capot-Rey 1953,36-68.
18. Despois and Raynal 1967,422; Trousset 1974,14-15.
19. Kanter 1967,97; Trousset 1974,15.
20. RSGI 1937,105; Despois 1935,55; Despois and Raynal 1967,422,
Polservice 1980, A-89.
21. Trousset 1974,15.
22. Taylor 1960,88-89.
23. Capot Rey 1953,36-37; for the milder effects of heat and fluid loss,
see Blanchet 1899,149-50, who abandoned a field survey when the
temperature had reached 52°C in the shade.
24. Richardson 1848, II, 443, described a heavy dewfall at Bu Njem.
25. Taylor 1960,89; Denham and Clapperton 1826,502, suffered from
Christmas frosts - an experience shared by the Libyan Valleys team in
1980.
26. Pers. comm. M. Bugghar. Despois 1964,14, on snow in the Atlas.
27. Franchetti 1914,66-67; BMA 1947,9; Johnson 1973,14; also
pers. experience (unpleasant! )
28. De Mathuisieulx 1912,69. Such storms do not respect modern vehicles
either, as I know from being stuck for several hours in a sand blizzard.
29. Briggs 1960,7..
2: 4 FLORA AND FAUNA
1. Capot-Rey 1953,91, blamed the action of man for most of the evident
diminution and degradation of vegetation and wildlife. For the
successful re-establishment of an ancient environment
see Evenari et al 1971.
in a desert
zone
2. Clarke 1960,52; Despois 1964,93-95; Kanter 1967,77-79; Trousset
1974,15-16.
3. Franchetti 1914,203-47; Despois 1935,77-91; Brehony 1960,60;
BMA 1947,42,93.
4. Kanter 1967,80-83; Trousset 1974,15-16.
5. Sheik Kilani of Ghirza remembers a time when olive trees still survived
in the wadi Ghirza. The export of charcoal from the pre-desert and
Gebel was the major cottage industry in the early twentieth century,
see Franchetti 1914,371 and fig 210 (a stack of olive wood at least
22 m long by 4m high) and fig 212 (charcoal makers near Garian) ;
Johnson 1973,24-28,
on Cyrenaican parallels.
6. Beechey and Beechey 1828,508.
7. Denham and Clapperton 1826, XVI, describing the wadi Mimoun.
8. Barth 1857,125-30; Kanter 1967,81-82.
9. Trousset 1974,15-16.