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4: CASE STUDY 1: THE ITALIAN/SLOVENIAN BORDER Between the wars After the First World War and the fall of the Habsburg Empire the southern part of the empire declared itself independent: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The border towards Austria was settled through a referendum in 1920 when Austria gained the northern sections of Carinthia. The border with Italy was settled in the Rapallo Treaty in 1920 (Medved 1993:136). In this treaty Italy acquired 8768 km² of territory extending east and south-east, including the ports of Trieste and Fiume (now Rijeka) which were the two main ports of the Habsburg Empire in the Adriatic, becoming the new province of Venezia Giulia (Moodie 1950:84–87). The population in these areas were a mixture of Italian, Slovene, Croatian and German. As fascism and its progressively heavy emphasis on nationalism grew stronger in Italy times became increasingly difficult for non-Italian groups within its territory. Even if the official line, expressed by Prime Minister Nitti in 1919, was to treat people of minorities with justice and sympathy, reality showed that treatment of minorities were highly inconsistent and depended on the attitudes of the local authorities (Sluga 2001:42). After 1922 the Fascist government started a more active policy of Italianising Venezia Giulia. As part of the nation-building process a renaming operation was carried out where street names, monuments and persons were given a new Italian identity through new Italian names, this was not an uncommon tactic used as part of nation building both in Italy and in other parts of Europe (Sluga 2001:47). WWII and new borders Yugoslavia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 and in 1943 when the Italians capitulated the Germans also took the area around Trieste and the study area, which became included in the so called Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. In Trieste a concentration camp was established, the Risiera di San Sabba, on the outskirts of town in a previous rice husking plant. The camp had a purpose-built cremation oven which was blown up by the Germans late April 1945 to hide the evidence of their crimes when it became clear that the Yugoslavian partisans were about to take over the area. It has been reported that as many as 25,000 Jews and Yugoslavian partisans may have been interrogated and tortured here and 3,000–5,000 people are believed to have been killed at the camp (Aktion Reinhard Camps 2011). 73
AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN As the Germans were governing the Adriatic Littoral it was subjected to bombing by the allied forces although Gorizia/Gorica survived relatively unscathed. Several resistance groups worked in the area during this period, such as the Yugoslavian Partisans, a communist and antifascist group led by Marshal Tito. It was suggested by the British foreign minister, Anthony Eden, at the Yalta conference in February 1945 that the military responsibility for Gorizia/Gorica and Trieste should fall to the Americans and British and that Yugoslavian Prime Minister Joseph Tito’s forces were given the responsibility to the east of these areas. On the 1 st of May 1945, however, the Yugoslav army took over the majority of Trieste, soon followed by New Zealand troops. Trieste was held under Yugoslav control until the 12 th of June, something called the “Forty days of Trieste” in Italian history (Sluga 2001:83–85). During this period there were many reports of partisans seeking out former fascists and any kind of nationalist manifestation was banned (Sluga 2001:89). Arrests and deportation of Germans and Italian fascists were carried out but there were also reports of executions by the Yugoslav army with some sources claiming that 6,000 people had been arrested in Gorizia/ Gorica and Trieste of which 4,150 were released, 1,850 were deported and 1,150 went missing. Later studies of these claims have suggested that the number of missing people was much lower but it is very difficult to know exactly what happened during the first chaotic days following the area’s liberation (Sluga 2001:91). During negotiations in May and June 1945 it was decided that the area around Trieste would be divided into two sections Zone A, which included the city of Trieste, which would be run by the Allies, and Zone B, including the Istrian coast, excluding Pula, would be under Yugoslavian government. The border between Italy and Yugoslavia that was agreed upon was to be known as the ‘Morgan Line’, proposed by British General William Duthie Morgan and this was the international border between Italy and Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1947 (Bufon and Minghi 2000:122). Establishing the location of the southern section of the Slovenian/Italian border, especially around Trieste, was highly complex and this remained an unsettled area for several decades. The location of the Italian-Yugoslavian border was established at a high political level by the allies. The idea was that this section of the border was to be established following ethnic distribution and ethnicity was mainly decided through language. In many areas, such as around Gorizia/Gorica, the border was therefore established between Romance (Italian) and Slavic (Slovenian and Croatian) speaking population (Bufon and Minghi 2000: 120, for a discussion on how this division was portrayed in the media at the 74
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An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
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An Archaeology of the Iron Curtain
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Contents Acknowledgements 11 CHAPTE
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The end of a journey 212 Sammanfatt
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AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTAIN
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Standing on
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1: INTRODUCTION carried out of the
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1: INTRODUCTION they may be… It i
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1: INTRODUCTION where the observer
Page 24 and 25: 1: INTRODUCTION former Iron Curtain
Page 26 and 27: 1: INTRODUCTION criticism from othe
Page 28 and 29: 1: INTRODUCTION itioned somewhere i
Page 30 and 31: 1: INTRODUCTION World War II dividi
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2 A physical metaphor Concr
Page 34 and 35: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR established
Page 36 and 37: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR The changing
Page 38 and 39: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR the events t
Page 40 and 41: 2: A PHYSICAL METAPHOR As time has
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CHAPTER 5 Case Study 2 The Czech/Au
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5: CASE STUDY 2: THE CZECH/AUSTRIAN
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Figure 55: Bunker near the crossing
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Figure 59: Military map from 1980 o
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Figure 77-78: Painting inside the f
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CHAPTER 6 An archaeology of the Iro
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6: AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE IRON CURTA
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Figure 102: Fence and Watch Tower a
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Sammanfattning (Summary in Swedish)
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SAMMANFATTNING En fysisk metafor I
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SAMMANFATTNING komst och kunskapsf
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SAMMANFATTNING Fältstudier av läm
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SAMMANFATTNING som försöker ta si
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SAMMANFATTNING mets dilemma”. Han
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Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations
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33. Sofie Bedford, Islamic activism
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67. Anne Kaun, Civic Experiences an
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Stockholm Studies in Archaeology Se
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29. LINDGREN, Christina. 2004. Män
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The Iron Curtain was seen as the di
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