EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A stunning 70% or more of Pacific people lack electricity. 37 Those that do have electricity face high costs and unreliable supply. There are many reasons: poor management, poor maintenance and high system losses, but also inherent difficulties with small size, few economies of scale, and few indigenous, low cost renewable resources. Most countries in the Pacific region suffer from having few primary energy sources from which to generate electricity. Typically in the Pacific, petroleum products account for some 80% of primary commercial energy consumption for transportation and energy. Just under half of this is used for diesel-fired electricity generation units 38 . Renewable energy, mostly mini-hydro, contributes less than 10% of commercial energy use. Neither can many Pacific countries, because of their small size and separation by a large expanse of ocean which defines their geography, enjoy the benefit of economies of scale in electricity generation and distribution. In some areas, the widely dispersed populations, low population densities and the topography of their countries make rural electrification expensive and difficult to afford. A.1.2 Benchmarking In this section, we examine the performance of Pacific and other similar countries. First, we present comparative information on access to electricity services. We then analyze the relative scale of operations across the region, and the performance indicators in each country. Access to Electricity Figure A9 gives an overview of access to electricity in Pacific and comparator countries. Access levels in most Pacific countries are low when compared with other countries of a similar size and GDP per capita such as St Lucia, Dominica and Grenada. 37 ADB Technical Assistance Report on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program for the Pacific, April 2003 p1 38 ADB Technical Assistance Report on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program for the Pacific, April 2003. 90
Figure A.9: Access to Electricity 100 90 % Population with Access to Electricity 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Source: Castalia Research, SOPAC. 0 Solomon Islands Timor Vanuatu Kiribati FSM PNG Palau Fiji Tonga Jamaica St Kitts Samoa Dominica St Lucia Grenada Marshall Islands Barbados New Zealand Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Price Electricity prices are driven primarily by four factors: 39 1. The cost of primary energy used to generate electricity. The highest cost tends to be imported fossil fuels. Countries with substantial hydro generation (such as Fiji) could be expected to have lower generation costs 2. The underlying costs of the generation, transmission and distribution assets which are influenced by geographical dispersal of the population, the particular technologies used, the age of the assets, and the efficiency with which they are operated 3. The efficiency of each of: primary energy supply, generation, transmission or distribution unit, and utilities’ performance in minimizing system losses and maximizing the electricity delivered to consumers from each unit of primary energy input. 4. presents system losses 5. The extent to which government subsidizes electricity supply 40 . Figure A10 below presents average electricity tariffs for the Pacific and comparator countries. Residential tariffs are often cross-subsidized by commercial tariffs. These data reflect the average tariffs across all customers. 39 This section of the report uses prices as the basis for analysis rather than costs because reliable information about costs was very difficult to obtain. Prices do not necessarily reflect costs, but in absence of cost data, prices are the only reasonable proxy. Given the prevalence of subsidization of electricity considerable care in interpreting this data is needed. 40 For example, FSM had access to considerable rural electrification programs from the United States 91
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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