EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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good example of this. The Kiwi Share is a contractual agreement requiring Telecom New Zealand (New Zealand’s incumbent operator) to make ordinary residential telephone service widely available, charge no more than the standard rate for ordinary residential telephone service and maintain free local calls for ordinary residential telephone service, fax and internet. All telecommunications service providers are required to contribute to the costs of the TSO through a premium on prices for interconnection with Telecom’s network. This is calculated and monitored by the Telecommunications Commissioner Universal Service Funds: These funds, also called Telecommunications Development Funds, have implemented service expansion through a reverse auction process in which the operator which demands the lowest subsidy to extend mainline, mobile or internet services into rural or sparsely populated areas wins a contract to do so. The subsidy is financed through direct Government contribution, radio license fees or a levy on all major operators. This method has been employed successfully in the Dominican Republic. Price Figure A.5 compares the costs for three minute local, international and off peak mobile calls in Pacific and comparator countries. These graphs show that many Pacific countries have relatively high international calling tariffs, but local and mobile calls rates are similar to comparator countries 31 . Figure A.5: Cost of a Three Minute Call: Local, International and Mobile (off peak) 12 0.25 10 US$ per 3 minutes 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 New Zealand 1.2 Samoa Mauritius Tonga Fiji Jamaica SolomonIslands PNG Saint Lucia Grenada St Kitts Kiribati Dominica Vanuatu US$ per 3 minutes 8 6 4 2 0 Jamaica Tonga New Zealand St Kitts Mauritius East Timor Barbados Fiji Samoa PNG Philippines FSM Kiribati Vanuatu Solomon Islands 1 US$ per 3 minutes off peak 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Tonga Mauritius Philippines Marshall Islands Fiji Grenada Jamaica PNG New Zealand St Kitts Solomon Islands Kiribati Barbados FSM (Fed. States of) Source: ITU Data 2002 31 Note: International calling rates in the Pacific are based on different zones. These are defined by distance and do not accurately reflect the cost to the operator. For example, in Samoa calls to the US are relatively expensive as the US falls into ‘Zone 4’, but it is relatively cheap for the operator to deliver traffic to the US. The cost is therefore disproportionate. When comparing local call costs, bear in mind that Vanuatu has a single rate for calling anywhere in the country, while in New Zealand residential local calls are free, and the cost is recovered in a monthly access charge. 82
In most Pacific countries, like Samoa, the relatively high price of international calling cross-subsidizes the roll out of telecommunications services to more remote areas within the country, and helps to keep local calls slightly below the level of comparator countries. The international trend in mobile and international telephony has been that costs have fallen significantly with the introduction of competition. This has been the case in most Caribbean countries. Tonga is the only Pacific country with competition in the mobile sector. It also has the lowest mobile costs. Figure A.6: Internet Access Monthly Cost Internet total monthly price (US$ per 20 hours of use) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 - Palau New Zealand Source: WDI Indicators 2003, Castalia Research Mauritius FSM Dominica Philippines Marshall Islands PNG Grenada St Kitts Timor-Leste St Lucia Fiji Samoa Jamaica Kiribati Tonga Vanuatu Solomon Islands Figure A.6 illustrates the monthly cost of internet access by comparing the typical cost of twenty hours of dial up access over the period of a month. The costs for internet access in Pacific countries are typically higher than those found elsewhere. The Solomon Islands has the highest monthly cost which is one reason for its low internet penetration levels. Fiji, Samoa, Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu have higher internet costs than most comparator countries. Despite their small market size Palau, Federated States of Micronesia and Marshall Islands have the lowest internet access charges. In Papua New Guinea, competition between ISPs has reduced internet tariffs. In Samoa, the introduction of competing ISPs resulted in a price reduction of 50% in the incumbent ISP and an increase in internet traffic of over 100% 32 . Quality Figure A.7 reviews the number of faults reported each year for each 100 fixed lines in service as an indicator of service quality. Of the countries reviewed, the Solomon Islands and Fiji perform best with less than 10 faults reported per hundred mainlines. The Federated States of Micronesia performs less well with almost 50 faults per mainline reported. However, data on faults was unavailable for most Pacific countries and so this graph does not provide a complete picture. 32 Castalia interview with Grant McGough, Acting CEO SamoaTel in September 2004 83
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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