EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunications Sector Competition in Tonga Local and international telecommunications services are provided by Tonga Communications Corporation (TCC). It also operates the ISP Kalianet and a GSM network U-Call Mobile, which launched in 1991. Shoreline Communications (TonFon) was awarded a license to provide mobile services and launched a GSM service in August 2002, providing mobile coverage across Tonga’s main islands. Within a year of introducing competition for mobile services, the tariff for almost all services dropped by more than 20% and the numbers of mobile subscribers and internet users both doubled. The result of competition has been that “telephones are easier to get, cheaper to buy and communication is faster”. It has also resulted in the two competing companies upgrading their infrastructures for further use in communications and broadcasting. In a speech in Geneva earlier this year, the Tongan Prime Minister emphasized that the country’s vision for ICT is driven both by local market parameters, recognition that the information economy transcends national borders and interests. Expanded connectivity in Tonga will help to stimulate domestic growth and greater participation in an international economy. This recognition has been an important driver of telecommunications market liberalization in Tonga. Source: Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Conference 2004, Nadi, Fiji. http://www.cba.org.uk/fiji18.htm Figure A.4 illustrates the level of internet use in Pacific countries compared with countries with similar levels of GDP per capita. The level of internet use in Pacific countries is low relative to other parts of the world. In fact internet access has only recently become available to most of these countries. It was first introduced to Fiji in 1995 and to some other Pacific countries as recently as 2000 29 . Figure A.4: Internet Users per capita vs. GDP per capita 0.65 Philippines 0.6 0.55 0.5 New Zealand Internet users per Capita 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 Jamaica Dominica Grenada St Kitts Source: Castalia 0.1 Mauritius Barbados Fiji St Lucia 0.05 Vanuatu FSM Kiribati Tonga Marshall Islands PNG Samoa 0 Solomon Islands 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 GDP per Capita 29 Internet access was introduced to Tuvalu in 2000. “Pacific Islands Regional Input Paper”, 2003, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (Asian Regional Conference for the World Summit on the Information Society) 78
Low mainline access levels help to explain the low internet uptake. For example, in the Solomon Islands, internet is only available to the seven main urban centers that have telephones. This accounts for less than 25% of the total population. Another constraint is the high cost of international connectivity 30 . Approximately a quarter of Pacific Islanders have access to internet through work, educational institutions and some public centers. All countries are served by monopoly Internet Service providers (ISPs) except Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga, where there is competition between ISPs. Almost all internet users are located in capital cities. The Philippines represents the most significant departure from the trend line. Despite a relatively low level of GDP per capita, this country has managed to attain high internet penetration. This is described in Box A.3. Box A.3: Telecommunications and Internet Access in the Philippines The current Philippine telecommunications market is one of the most competitive in the world with five companies providing mobile services, eleven international gateway providers and at least two operators that are allowed to provide fixed service in each region throughout the country. Mobiles are ubiquitous in the Philippines, which was one of the first countries to see mobiles surpass fixed line penetration levels. The Philippines is one of the few countries in the world where telecommunications services have been historically operated by private entities. Innovative regulatory requirements implemented in the mid-1990s called for mobile and international telecommunications operators to install a specific number of fixed lines. This was seen as a way of balancing the more lucrative opportunities in these markets against the less profitable requirements to roll out lines outside of the most densely populated centers. Each cellular operator was required to install 400,000 lines and reach 300,000 international operator lines within five years. These operators were assigned different regions of the country to ensure an even roll-out and had targets for the ratio of urban to rural lines installed to ensure that lines were not only installed in cities. Cross subsidies were allowed (e.g. from mobile or international operations) in order to ensure local rates stayed affordable and local exchange operators received access fees for use of their networks. Operators were required to put up performance bonds that could be forfeited if line installation targets were not met. The total number of lines called for under this initiative was eventually met, but many are not in service. At its inception, the popularity of mobile telephony had not been anticipated. In addition, many lines were installed in places where people couldn’t afford or did not want fixed line services. The high line rate of line installation therefore didn’t result in the biggest gain in service or penetration rate, but this did have a big impact on opening up the market and encouraging growth. There is no official figure for the total number of ISPs operating in the Philippines. The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) has registered over 150 Value-Added Service (VAS) providers, but not all of these are ISPs and not all ISPs have registered with NTC. VAS providers must lease their transmission infrastructure from licensed telecommunications operators. Public telecommunication operators and almost all international telecom operators lease international internet bandwidth to downstream ISPs, which in turn often resell connectivity to smaller provincial ISPs. Because local calling is free in the Philippines, dial-up internet subscribers only pay the ISP charge. However, the relatively high monthly charges for land line ownership reduce the potential size of the dial up market. Because of this, pre-paid internet access has grown in popularity as pre-paid cards do not require the user to have a telephone line and they can be used at internet cafes. This has contributed to the high estimated levels of internet penetration in the country. Source: “Philippines Case Study” ITU, March 2002 30 “Infrastructure in East Asia and the Pacific – The Way Forward” Telecommunications Case Studies, John Ure, July 2004 79
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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