EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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The proportion of mainline access as a component of total teledensity is relatively high in the Pacific countries when compared with comparator countries. Fixed line telephony accounts for over 80% of total teledensity for Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and the Solomon Islands. Tonga follows closely with 77%. Most comparator countries, as well as Fiji and Vanuatu, have almost equal levels of fixed and mobile telephony. Mobile telephony was introduced late to the Pacific, often by the incumbent operator using old technology 25 . The dominance of fixed lines in most Pacific countries is similar to the situation in Caribbean countries prior to telecommunications liberalization. In 1998 mainlines accounted for over 80% of total teledensity levels for almost all Caribbean countries 26 . In 2002, after the introduction of competition in mobile telecommunications, half of these countries had mobile access roughly equivalent to that of mainlines. In Belize, Dominican Republic and Jamaica, the mobile teledensity level was significantly higher than mainline. Figure A.2: Total Teledensity by Country 120 100 Total teledensity by component 80 60 40 Cellular lines per 100 inhabitants Mainlines per 100 inhabitants 20 0 PNG Solomon Islands Timor Kiribati Vanuatu Samoa Marshall Islands FSM Tonga Philippines Fiji Grenada Saint Lucia Dominica Palau Mauritius St Kitts Jamaica Barbados New Zealand Source: ITU Data 2002 (Fiji, Marshall Islands and Vanuatu data 2003), Timor-Leste teledensity from Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization, 2004 Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Telephone access is largely limited to urban areas in the Pacific countries. In Kiribati, Marshall Islands, and Papua New Guinea between 85% and 100% of main lines are in urban areas, and urban mainlines account for 70% and 72% in Micronesia and Samoa respectively. This can be explained in part by the challenge of deploying a telecommunications network across mountainous terrain or dispersed atolls, for example, Kiribati’s land area is roughly equivalent to St Lucia’s, but it is spread over an area the size of Western Europe 27 . 25 For example, AMPS is often employed instead of GSM 26 Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts, St Lucia, St Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago 27 “Swimming Against the Tide: An Assessment of the Private Sector in the Pacific” ADB, 2004 76
Box A.1: Increased Mobile Penetration in St Lucia By December 2003, following mobile market liberalization, 60% of St Lucian households had a mobile telephone, an increase of 40% on 2002 levels 28 . This is partly due to the low cost of prepaid mobile compared with the minimum outlay for monthly fixed line telephone access. Mobile competition in St Lucia has also improved Universal Access levels, leading to over 90% of the population being covered by cellular signal. Source: “St Lucia Case Study” ITU, June 2004 Mobile telephony in Pacific countries has grown over the past few years, and is increasingly treated as a substitute for fixed line services, but growth in mobile uptake significantly lags most of the comparator countries. Figure A.3 shows the pattern of mobile growth in Pacific and comparator countries. Figure A.3: Growth in Mainline and Mobile Teledensity (1990 – 2002) 70 Source: ITU Mobile Lines per 100 People 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 New Zealand Jamaica Barbados Mauritius Philippines Fiji Saint Lucia Tonga Vanuatu Samoa Marshall Islands Solomon Islands 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Countries without GSM networks and pre-paid services (such as Kiribati and Samoa) have lower mobile teledensity than countries like Fiji and Tonga. Tonga’s mobile penetration levels have increased significantly since competition has been introduced. Box A.2 presents a description of competition in Tonga’s telecommunications sector. 28 “St Lucia Case Study” ITU, June 2004 77
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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