EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Box 9.6: How can the public sector be strengthened to deal with barriers to good infrastructure performance This is a critical issue for most countries, especially with respect to obtaining skilled human capacity that will remain in country. Dealing with this issue will be critical to obtaining infrastructure improvements in all Pacific countries, regardless of the reform policies selected. Successful private sector involvement and competition will require the development of public sector capability to manage these arrangements, in addition to good contract design. Capacity building is necessary to clearly define institutional boundaries, and to ensure trade-offs between different interests and objectives are well understood and transparent. Public sector strengthening is also necessary for effective oversight through regulation or other institutional arrangements. Box 9.7: How will the reforms and improvements be financed Improving access to and the quality of infrastructure in the Pacific will require considerable investment. Most Pacific countries will require considerable increases in their total levels of investment to combine improvements in infrastructure with growth in other sectors of the economy. Some Pacific countries have relied heavily on aid to fund major infrastructure projects in the past. Meeting future investment requirements will require a change to fiscal priorities, improved functioning of the financial sectors and mobilizing private savings – both domestic and international. 74
Appendix A: Infrastructure Sector Analysis A.1 Telecommunications Sector Analysis This section reviews the performance of each of the Pacific countries and outlines possible reasons for relatively good or relatively poor performance. It discusses the extent to which performance of telecommunications services can be explained by economies of scale. Services reviewed include local and international voice telephony, mobile and internet services. Access Teledensity (defined as telephone lines per 100 people) is a key indicator of access to telecommunications services. Figure A.2 compares the total teledensity (fixed and mobile connections) of the Pacific and comparator countries. Figure A.3 illustrates a breakdown of teledensity by mobile and fixed line components. Total teledensity is low in most Pacific countries. Of the countries reviewed, only Fiji and Palau have over twenty connections per 100 people. Access levels are also low when compared with GDP per capita. None of the Pacific countries reach the Philippines level of access, for example, even though their income levels are similar. Among the Pacific countries, only Fiji and Tonga have teledensity levels that correspond with their GDP per capita according to this trend line. Figure A.1: Total Teledensity vs GDP per Capita 120 100 New Zealand Barbados 80 Jamaica Total teledensity 60 Mauritius St Kitts 40 Dominica St Lucia Grenada Palau Philippines Fiji 20 Tonga FSM Samoa Marshal Islands Kiribati Vanuatu Solomon Islands Timor-Leste 0 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 GDP per Capita Source: ITU Data 2002 (Fiji, Marshall Islands and Vanuatu data 2003), Timor-Leste teledensity from Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization, 2004 Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia 75
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
Page 32 and 33: 6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
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4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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