EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Investment Requirements for Mobile Connections to reach the Minimum Target $8.00 Annual Investment Requirements in Cellular Connections per Capita (USD) $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 Kiribati Marshall Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu St. Kitts St. Lucia Source: Castalia Research Figure 8.9: Annual Per Capita Investment Requirements for Mobile Connections to reach the Maximum Target Annual Per Capita Investment Requirements in Cellular Connections (US$) for 2000-2015 $60.00 $50.00 $40.00 $30.00 $20.00 $10.00 $0.00 Fiji Kiribati Marshall Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Dominica Jamaica St. Kitts St. Lucia Source: Castalia For the minimum target, Kiribati and Tonga do not have any specific mainline goals to reach by 2015, as they already meet the requirements. The same goes for Fiji and Palau for mobile connections. We use the minimal telecommunications targets for our estimate of the total investment requirement. We would emphasize that this is a conservative approach, and higher levels of investment in telecommunications are likely to be both commercially and economically justified. 66
8.4 Roads With respect to roads, there is again no universally agreed, unambiguous target. For our analysis here we assume that all necessary basic roads are already in place, but that additional welfare gains would come from sealing currently unsealed roads, thus increasing their reliability and load carrying capacity. We estimate the trend relationship between the proportion of roads which are paved and per capita GDP. This is shown in the figure below. As in the case of telecommunications, we define the target in terms of reaching the trend in the relationship between the proportion of paved roads and per capita GDP. We then convert the target proportion into kilometers of roads that require sealing. The unit cost of sealing a road is estimated at US$4.7 per square meter. Assuming average width of 3 meters, this translates into $US14,100 per Km 24 . Figure 8.10: Roads Benchmarking 120% 100% Marshall Is 80% Roads Paved (% of) . 60% 40% Samoa Fiji Jamaica Dominica Palau y = 4E-05x + 0.2728 St Kitts 20% Tonga Vanuatu FSM PNG St Lucia Solomon Is 0% 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Source: WDI Indicators GDP per Capita Fiji, Marshall Island, Palau and Samoa appear above the trend line, and so already reach the required standards. 24 The cost is based on the average cost given by Transit NZ in its “Elemental Cost Database” issued in March 2005, of NZD34. It includes different types of sealing processes. 67
Page 2 and 3:
The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
Page 24 and 25: Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
Page 26 and 27: Water tariffs are often too low In
Page 28 and 29: Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
Page 30 and 31: These characteristics mean that Pac
Page 32 and 33: 6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
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Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
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Federated States of Micronesia at b
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In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
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Many Pacific countries already outs
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4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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