EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Investment Requirement in Sanitation to reach MDG $10.00 Annual Per Capita Investment Requirement in Sanitation (US$) for 2000-2015 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $0.00 Fiji Kiribati Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Island Vanuatu Dominica Jamaica St Lucia Source: Castalia Research We note that the investment challenge in the water and sanitation sectors in the Pacific is considerably higher than the comparable challenge in the Caribbean. 8.2 Electricity Investments needed for improving access to electricity include both network extension and additional generation to accommodate demand from additional customers. We reference network extension targets to the MDG objective of halving the number of people without access. We focus on a selected group of Pacific countries for which information was available. We use electricity intensity (kWh of energy delivered per customer) as a basis for calculating the investment requirement. The average electricity intensity for the group of Pacific countries for which data were available is 1.2 MWh, compared to 2MWh per capita in the Caribbean. This would suggest that energy intensity in the Pacific is likely to rise as service levels improve. However, we assume constant energy intensity as a baseline for calculating the minimum investment requirement. We use the population projections for 2015, and the MDG service target, to estimate the required increase in the number of connected customers. Population projections were obtained from the UN Urbanization Prospects. Using the assumption of constant electricity intensity, we then compute the required increase in installed generation capacity. The total investment required to deliver the increase in capacity was calculated on the basis of US$1,900/ kW cost for generation capacity and the associated network. 22 22 The unit cost of $US1,900 per kilowatt of generating capacity, including associated network cost, was obtained from the World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3102, July 2003, “Investing in Infrastructure: What is Needed from 2000 to 2010” from Marianne Fay, and Tito Yepes. 62
Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Investment Requirements in Electricity to reach MDG $40.00 Annual Per Capita Investment Requirements in Electricity (US$) for 2002-2015 $35.00 $30.00 $25.00 $20.00 $15.00 $10.00 $5.00 $- Fiji Samoa Solomon Island Vanuatu Dominica Jamaica St. Kitts St. Lucia Source: Castalia Research Again, the overall challenge of achieving the electrification targets in the Pacific appears to be higher than in the comparator countries in the Caribbean. Solomon Islands face the highest investment requirement of $34 per capita per annum. 8.3 Telecommunications Unlike water, sanitation and electricity sectors, there is no-straight forward way to apply the MDGs to the telecommunications sector. Hence, we first need to consider what would be an appropriate target for telecommunications access in the Pacific. We consider two possible targets, providing the two opposite ends of the range within which the investment requirements in telecommunication may fall. The minimum target is based on each country in the Pacific reaching the level of access consistent with the trend relationship between access and per capita GDP. The upper target is based on access levels matching those in New Zealand. New Zealand is also a remote economy with dispersed population, and hence the importance of telecommunications for economic development in New Zealand is likely to reflect its value in the Pacific Islands. Our calculation of the trend relationship between lines per capita and per capita GDP is illustrated in Figure 8.5 below. For Pacific Island countries which fall below the trend line, we define the target as reaching the level of access indicated by the intersection of the trend line with their per capita GDP level. The upper target corresponds to the New Zealand access levels of 0.466 mainlines per person and 0.647 cellular connections per person. 63
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
Page 20 and 21: Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
Page 22 and 23: 5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
Page 24 and 25: Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
Page 26 and 27: Water tariffs are often too low In
Page 28 and 29: Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
Page 30 and 31: These characteristics mean that Pac
Page 32 and 33: 6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
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Corporatization is often employed t
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operating costs, collections levels
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Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
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Federated States of Micronesia at b
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In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
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Many Pacific countries already outs
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4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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