EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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These high rural populations mean that the spatial challenge for infrastructure in the Pacific is very different to that of most other developing countries. Elsewhere, particularly in East Asia, countries are grappling with rapidly growing cities, in which services like water and sanitation are critical. In countries with large rural populations, these concerns may be less pressing. For example, settled, largely selfsufficient rural communities may place relatively low value on water and sanitation services. Pacific countries’ priorities for infrastructure are likely to be different to that of East Asian or other comparator countries. Figure 6.2: Rural Population (% Total Population) 100 90 80 70 Average Pacific Countries Percent 60 50 40 Average Caribbean Comparators 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Source: World Development Indicators 1990 – 2003 Note: The average for the Pacific countries does not include the Marshall Islands, for which data were only available from 1999 – 2003. Marshall Islands reports 34% rural population for each of these years. Small Pool of Skilled Labor Strong institutions that work well require skilled people. The relatively few examples of successful infrastructure service provision in the Pacific are all distinguished by the presence of skilled managers and Board members. Performance improvements in the Fiji Electricity Authority, the Samoa Water Authority and the Samoa Port Authority are all due in part to the skills of the management teams. Many Pacific countries have small populations, and therefore, a smaller pool of people to draw from to make infrastructure institutions successful. In addition, skilled individuals often leave to make their homes elsewhere, or are drawn abroad by companies in New Zealand or Australia that are prepared to pay the airfares for those prepared to join their workforce. For example, Fulton Hogan, a road construction and maintenance company in New Zealand responded to labor shortages in New Zealand by almost stripping Samoa of skilled construction workers and bulldozer drivers under a scheme which gives Samoan citizens preferential access to New Zealand work permit. This further reduces the skills and capability in Pacific countries, directly deprives them of labor, and therefore impacts their ability to deliver good infrastructure services. 28
Youthful Population Approximately 40% of the population in most Pacific countries is under 15 years 12 . Pacific countries therefore have a comparatively small working force. This impacts the quality of infrastructure institutions, human resources capability and capacity. This also affects the priority level Pacific governments may attribute to infrastructure. In countries with high youth populations, health or education may get a higher priority than some infrastructure sectors. The Pacific Diaspora: A Solution to Capacity Problems Like many areas of the world, the Pacific has suffered from large scale emigration from the region to larger countries. Emigrants have taken with them their skills and helped aggravate the problems of lack of scale many of these countries face. The exact size of the Diaspora is difficult to gauge. Table 6.4 presents the numbers of people from three Pacific countries living in the major countries to which they have emigrated. These figures are influenced by the immigration policies of the recipient nations: for example, New Zealand has specific quotas for Samoans, and traditional preferences for allowing emigration from the Pacific to New Zealand. The pattern is not consistent: the Diaspora from Fiji looks to be relatively small, while from Samoa it is large, and relatively large from Tonga. Table 6.4: A Sample of the Diaspora from the Pacific Number of Pacific People Living Abroad (‘000s) Country of Residence Fiji Samoa Tonga Total United States 13.6 133.3 36.8 183.7 Australia 44.3 .. .. n.a. New Zealand 7.0 115.0 40.7 162.7 TOTAL 64.9 248.3 77.5 Total Population 835.0 178.0 102.0 Diaspora as % of 7.7% 139.5% 76.0% Total Population Source: Castalia, US Census 2000, Australian Census 2001, New Zealand Census 2001 The effects of emigration are not all negative. The Diaspora provides a significant flow of income and capital for families left in the home countries, income which would not be generated within their local economies. However, how reliable these flows are in the long run is highly debatable, as the pressure to contribute a proportion of income in remittances ‘back home’ will dissipate as later generations may feel less bound to their families in the Pacific. The question to consider for the future is whether the Diaspora offers realistic opportunities for rebuilding the human capacity shortages in the region, and what policies governments could adopt to attract emigrants home for short or long term purposes. We leave this as a topic for consideration, as a possible policy response to helping overcome the scale and skills problems the Pacific countries face. 6.2.3 Impact on Infrastructure Performance Figure 6.3 presents a comparison of some defining features in Pacific countries. It shows that each Pacific country has these characteristics to varying degrees. 12 World Development Indicators 2003 data. By comparison, the average for the Caribbean comparators in this study was 29% 29
Page 2 and 3: The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
Page 6 and 7: Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 8 and 9: Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
Page 10 and 11: kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
Page 12 and 13: 2 Executive Summary This discussion
Page 14 and 15: Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
Page 16 and 17: Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
Page 18 and 19: 3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
Page 20 and 21: Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
Page 22 and 23: 5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
Page 24 and 25: Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
Page 26 and 27: Water tariffs are often too low In
Page 28 and 29: Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
Page 30 and 31: These characteristics mean that Pac
Page 32 and 33: 6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87:
Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
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good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
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Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
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Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
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and there have been calls to recons
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A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
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Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
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Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
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interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
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As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
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Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
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Regional Cooperation in Electricity
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A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
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Figure A.17: Availability of Water
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Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
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including full operating expenses a
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Corporatization is often employed t
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operating costs, collections levels
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Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
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Federated States of Micronesia at b
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In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
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Many Pacific countries already outs
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4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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