EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 100 90 % Population with Access to Electricity 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Solomon Islands Timor Vanuatu Kiribati FSM PNG Palau Fiji Tonga Jamaica St Kitts Samoa Dominica St Lucia Grenada Marshall Islands Barbados New Zealand Source: Castalia Research, SOPAC Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Figure 5.1 demonstrates that of the Pacific countries reviewed only four provide access to improved water and sanitation services to 80% or more of the population. Figure 5.1: Access to Improved Water Supply vs. GDP per Capita 120 Acces to improved water Mauritius 100 Tonga Samoa Dominica Grenada Vanuatu FSM St Lucia Philippines Jamaica 80 Solomon Islands 60 Kiribati Fiji 40 PNG Palau St Kitts Barbados 20 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 GDP per Capita Source: WDI Indicators Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Airport and port capacity is constrained. Low traffic volumes means Pacific ports are not congested. They nevertheless have lower throughput efficiency than comparator countries. This is partly due to the outdated equipment and design of these ports which are not built to handle container traffic. 16
None of the Pacific ports reviewed have container cranes. This increases ship turnaround time, and means that ships docking at these ports have to have their own lifting gear, limiting ports’ ability to service international traffic. Likewise, Pacific airports do not often suffer from overcrowding, but terminal facilities like retail, car rental and other services are lacking at most of the smaller airports. These services are important sources of non-aeronautical revenue for airports and help to finance maintenance and upgrades or expansion. They also provide a more positive experience for tourists and business passengers. Tariffs are relatively high in some countries In all Pacific countries in this review, international telecommunications services are provided by monopolies. Charges for internet services and international calls from the Pacific are higher than in other small island countries, but local and mobile rates are similar. The international trend in mobile and international telephony has been that tariffs have fallen significantly with the introduction of competition. This has been the case in most Caribbean countries. Tonga is the only Pacific country with competition in the mobile sector. It also has the lowest average mobile tariffs. Average electricity tariffs are high in some Pacific countries, such as Tonga, Kiribati and Vanuatu as shown in Figure 5.2, but low in others. The lower tariffs in some countries can be partly explained by government subsidization. The lower tariffs in Fiji are partly explained by the fact that over 50% of electricity generation is hydro based. While fuel costs and small size account for a good part of the high costs, there are other factors at work. For example, Tonga relies on the same fuel as Vanuatu, has about the same system size, and more favorable topography, and yet charges its customers considerably more. Figure 5.2: Residential Electricity Tariffs Average Tariffs (Residential and Commercial customers) (US cents per KwH) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 New Zealand Palau FSM Marshall Islands Source: Castalia Research, SOPAC. Notes: FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Jamaica St Kitts Timor Barbados Solomon Islands St Lucia Samoa Grenada Vanuatu Dominica Kiribati Tonga 17
Page 2 and 3: The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
Page 6 and 7: Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 8 and 9: Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
Page 10 and 11: kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
Page 12 and 13: 2 Executive Summary This discussion
Page 14 and 15: Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
Page 16 and 17: Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
Page 18 and 19: 3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
Page 20 and 21: Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
Page 22 and 23: 5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
Page 26 and 27: Water tariffs are often too low In
Page 28 and 29: Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
Page 30 and 31: These characteristics mean that Pac
Page 32 and 33: 6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
Page 34 and 35: 6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
Page 36 and 37: These high rural populations mean t
Page 38 and 39: Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
Page 40 and 41: Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
Page 42 and 43: 7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
Page 44 and 45: 7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
Page 46 and 47: different, some efficiency may be g
Page 48 and 49: Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
Page 50 and 51: Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
Page 52 and 53: Some of these reforms have already
Page 54 and 55: 7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
Page 56 and 57: Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
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good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
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Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
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Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
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and there have been calls to recons
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A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
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Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
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Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
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interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
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As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
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Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
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Regional Cooperation in Electricity
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A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
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Figure A.17: Availability of Water
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Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
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including full operating expenses a
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Corporatization is often employed t
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operating costs, collections levels
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Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
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Federated States of Micronesia at b
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In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
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Many Pacific countries already outs
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4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
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Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
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system reduces cargo handling effic
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Economies of Scale Port operations
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The landlord model is the most comm
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Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
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Apia Port has become one of the bes
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Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
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In Shipping: Services are considere
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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
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Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
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establishment period. For the offic
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Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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