EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Airline Services Figure A.38 illustrates the number of commercial airlines that serve selected Pacific airports. Figure A.38: Total Number of Airlines Serving Airports 25 22 20 Number of airlines serving the airport 15 10 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 9 10 11 12 13 0 Jacksons International, PNG Pohnpei, FSM Faleolo International Bonriki, Kiribati Tonga, Fua'amotu International Vanuatu, Port Vila Fiji, Suva Nausori International Airport Marshall Islands Solomon Ils, Henderson Fiji, Nadi Airport New Zealand, Christchurch Jamaica, Kingston Manley Grenada, Point Salines St Lucia, Hewanorra Source: A-Z World Airports Online (www.azworldairports.com) and Castalia Questionnaires Barbados, Grantley Adams Mauritius, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Excluding Australian and New Zealand airlines, and including the French sphere of influence, there are 21 airlines based in the region 97 . Continental Micronesia, Air Pacific, Polynesian Airlines and Air Niugini are among the biggest airlines operating in the countries reviewed for this study. Qantas and Air New Zealand operate direct routes to selected destinations in the region. Qantas has a 46% shareholding in Fiji’s Air Pacific. Pacific Blue (a low cost entrant associated with Virgin Blue in Australia) is already flying selected routes. It is expected that Freedom Air (a low cost airline owned by Air New Zealand) will follow with similar offerings within the year. All Pacific destinations are served by fewer airlines than the comparator countries. This is partly due to the remoteness of the region. Neither the Caribbean nor the Pacific have open skies arrangements, but the Caribbean has a more concentrated geography and this, together with its proximity to large markets such as the USA contributes to more tourists and more outbound domestic travel than occurs in the Pacific. Anecdotal evidence suggests that while services to countries such as Fiji are adequate, service to destinations like Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Kiribati are not 98 . 97 “Pacific Regional Transport Study” (AusAid, 2004) 98 “Pacific Regional Transport Study” (AusAid, 2004) 144
Airfares Figure A.39 compares the cost of a return airfare 99 from Auckland to selected Pacific destinations and from Miami to selected Caribbean destinations, and the distance (km). The flights between Jamaica and Miami and between Barbados and Miami are direct routes. Figure A.39: Airfare Cost (US$) vs. Distance (km) 2000 1800 1600 Koror, Palau Pohnpei, FSM Return Airfare ($US) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Port Moresby, PNG Dili, Timor-Leste Tarawa, Kiribati Majuro, Marshall Islands Honiara, Solomon Islands Hewanorra, St Lucia Bridgetown, Barbados Point Salines, Grenada Apia, Samoa Kingston, Jamaica Suva, Fiji Tongatapu, Tonga Port Vila, Vanuatu Nadi, Fiji 200 0 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 Distance (km) Source: Airfares quoted by the Terrace Travel. Pacific airfares for October 2004, Caribbean airfares for May 2004 Note: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federates States of Micronesia. 1 NZD = 0.6621 USD This shows that given the distance involved, a return flight to Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Vanuatu from Auckland is cheaper than return flights from Miami to the Caribbean comparator countries shown here. Return flights from Auckland to Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste and the Marshall Islands are more expensive relative to distance. Safety and Security International airport and air service security is coordinated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). To overcome human resources constraints, Pacific leaders have been exploring the concept of a regional regulatory office for safety, the Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO). PASO would be responsible for regulation, oversight and personnel licensing for flight operations, airworthiness, airports and security. The organization will offer ‘user pays’ services (such as inspection services) at a favorable rate for member countries. Member countries will not be obliged to use PASO services, but they will be required to meet PASO standards. It is envisaged that this organization will require external funding assistance over the initial 99 Fares vary by route, carrier and class. To provide a consistent standard, this graph compares mid-range economy return airfares to give a realistic indication of what the average traveller could expect to pay on these routes. 145
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
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good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
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Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
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Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
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and there have been calls to recons
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A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
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Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181: “A-Z World Airports Online” www
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EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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