EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throughput per capita 8.00 7.86 Total Passenger Throughput per Capita (Annual) 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.13 0.26 Marshall Islands Solomon Ils, Henderson Fiji, Suva Nausori International Airport 0.5 0.54 0.59 Vanuatu, Port Vila Jamaica, Kingston Manley Samoa, Faleolo 0.99 New Zealand, Christchurch 1.19 1.27 1.35 Tonga, Fua'amotu International 1.56 St Lucia, Hewanorra Fiji, Nadi Airport Mauritius, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam 2.28 Grenada, Point Salines Source: A-Z World Airports Online (www.azworldairports.com) and Castalia Questionnaires 3.86 3.93 Koror, Palau Barbados, Grantley Adams Airport Quality Airport quality is traditionally determined on the basis of customer satisfaction surveys which address several key areas of service quality. However, these are unavailable for most airports in this study. Due to the low level of traffic through many Pacific airports, passengers have little time to wait between arriving and collecting bags, customs and immigration processing and checking in. The average waiting time between arrival and baggage delivery was between five and ten minutes for all airports reviewed. This is quicker than in Caribbean comparator countries (which average between 15 and 20 minutes for baggage to arrive). Some of the smaller airports, like Bonriki in Kiribati or Presidente Nicolau Lobato International in Timor-Leste, lack normal facilities such as retail outlets, taxi services (although car rental services are available) and air-conditioning or fans in arrival or waiting halls. There are a number of projects planned to upgrade Bonriki International airport. A design has been completed for reconstruction of the runway and taxiway and a tender is being planned for a complete terminal makeover, including x-ray screening for baggage. Airport Charges Airport charges are a good way for airports to cover operating and capital costs. They are composed of landing charges, parking charges, passenger charges and other surcharges. Figure A37 compares the standard airport charges at Pacific airports for a representative aircraft the 737-300 with 137 seats, 90% full. 142
Figure A.37: Airport Charges Total Charges USD (737-300, 137 seater, 90% full) $5,000.00 $4,500.00 $4,000.00 $3,500.00 $3,000.00 $2,500.00 $2,000.00 $1,500.00 $1,000.00 $500.00 $- Henderson, Solomon Islands Pohnpei, FSM Nukualofa, Tonga Faleolo, Samoa Bonriki, Kiribati Nadi, Fiji Suva, Fiji Amata Kabua, Marshall Islands Koror, Palau Jacksons International, PNG Bauerfield, Vanuatu Passenger Charges Landing Charges Source: Air New Zealand Flight Operations – Landing and Passenger Charges, August 2004 Total charges include landing and passenger charges for each destination. Parking, lighting, boarding bridge and garbage incineration charges (applied at some airports) are not included in this calculation. The graph shows a breakdown of the total cost of taking off and landing at each of these airports and indicates charges directly to the airline (landing charges) and charges to the passenger. The Solomon Islands has the lowest overall airport charges. Federated States of Micronesia also has relatively low landing and passenger charges. Palau, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu have significantly higher passenger charges than other Pacific countries. In all countries, passenger charges are significantly higher than landing charges. Charges collected may not be the same as revenue received by the airport. In some countries passenger charges or taxes are passed on directly to governments. In other cases these charges go to the operator. In addition, many Pacific airports only charge international passengers; domestic passenger charges are kept to a minimum. This is problematic for airports like Suva or Bonriki in Kiribati, where domestic traffic makes up a significant proportion of passenger throughput. Passengers use the facilities, but airports do not have the opportunity to recover these costs. 143
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
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good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
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Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
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Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
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and there have been calls to recons
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A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181: “A-Z World Airports Online” www
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EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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