EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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In Shipping: Services are considered adequate on international and inter-island routes, which are served by public and private operators. Most routes are open to competition Shipping services to outer islands have been subsidized by governments as they are not economic to provide. Some countries, such as Fiji and Marshall Islands have introduced private sector involvement to the provision of these services. In Fiji, a franchise scheme was originally implemented. This model has been revised and a new model in which private operators supply services to a Government Shipping Corporation is being implemented. A.7 Airports and Aviation Sector Analysis Most Pacific countries are dispersed across several islands, and served by several airports 96 . Air services have an importance to Pacific countries that is beyond their normal value, due to the countries’ isolation and the lack of real surface transport alternatives in many cases. Air transport also enables tourism which varies in importance between countries, but has been identified as an area with substantial development potential. This section reviews the current performance and existing institutional arrangements for airports and air services in Pacific and comparator countries. A.1.7 Benchmarking This section benchmarks the performance of Pacific Island and comparator countries airports and air services using a standard set of indicators. Airport Capacity Table A7 provides a comparison of various capacity indicators for selected Pacific and comparator country airports. Comparator countries are highlighted. 96 The Pacific Regional Study (AusAid, 2004) notes that the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat Countries (including PNG, Cook Islands, Niue and Tuvalu, and excluding Timor-Leste) have a total of 74 civilian airports between them. 140
Table A.7 : Airport Capacity Indicators Airport Country Number of Check in Desks Number of Baggage Number of Claim Devices Aircraft Stands Annual Terminal Capacity (Passenger throughput) Total Passenger Throughput Total Aircraft Total Terminal Movements Area (m2) Number of Airlines Serving Grantley Adams Barbados 65 4 17 2,000,000 2,130,333 43,738 18,580 22 Suva Nausori International Airport Fiji 6 1 4 Nadi Airport Fiji 36 3 1,130,763 55,505 > 6 Pohnpei FSM 6 1 2 3 Point Salines Grenada 11 7 1,200,000 393,851 10,347 7,430 11 Kingston Manley Jamaica 20 1,438,791 23,597 20,000 10 Bonriki International Kiribati 1 0 2 4 Marshall Islands International Marshall Islands 2 0 2 26719 407 6 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 20 12 1,500,000 1,914,245 18,907 13 Christchurch New Zealand 25 5,000,000 4,773,157 156,980 9 Koror Palau 8 1 2 78608 984 3672 6 Jacksons International PNG 1 2 Faleolo International Samoa 6 1 3 4 Henderson Solomon Islands 3 5 58,388 35,000 2 Robert Bradshaw St Kitts 24 2 Hewanorra St Lucia 35 2 5 440,000 366,229 9,506 7,430 12 Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Timor-Leste 2 0 Fua'amotu International Tonga 9 1 3 130,000 1,141 3,322 4 Port Vila Vanuatu 8 1 3 1,600 124,601 4 Sources: Various, A-Z World Airports Online (www.azworldairports.com) and Castalia Questionnaires The larger Pacific airports such as Nadi (Fiji), Faleolo International (Samoa) and Port Jackson (PNG) can accommodate a long haul flight on a Boeing 747 aircraft. Fua’amotu International (Tonga) and Port Vila (Vanuatu) can manage B767 aircraft, while Presidente Nicolau Lobato International (Timor-Leste), Bonriki International (Kiribati) and Henderson International (Solomon Islands) can take B737 aircraft. Technological improvements have had a big impact on air traffic to the Pacific. Thirty years ago a B747 needed to stop at various island nations in order to uplift maximum payload out of Auckland, Los Angeles and Sydney. Now, the B747’s range has increased and these aircraft can overfly all Pacific countries. With an increased proportion of traffic terminating in Pacific countries, more B737s are being used on Pacific Island routes. On average, the Pacific airports have fewer check-in desks (with the exception of Nadi International) and aircraft stands than the comparator airports. They are also served by fewer airlines. Figure A 36 compares the total passenger throughput per capita on an annual basis at selected Pacific and comparator airports. The Pacific airports in this graph demonstrate a lower overall air transport intensity when compared with the comparator countries. This does not indicate that air travel is less important to Pacific countries than it is to the Caribbean comparators. Air travel is extremely important to Pacific countries as alternative forms of travel are almost non-existent. Rather it reflects smaller tourism sectors in most countries (with the exception of Palau). Isolation, the distance between these destinations and major tourist markets and small population bases contribute to this. 141
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
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good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
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Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
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Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
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and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
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Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181: “A-Z World Airports Online” www
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