EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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The landlord model is the most commonly recommended model for port operation and has been successful in Samoa as well as the Caribbean and Mauritius. In this model, a number of private operators are employed on contract to the port authority to provide specialist services. Apia Port in Samoa and Lae and Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea have some of the highest TEU throughput rates. They also have relatively low port charges. All of these ports are profitable. While the performance of Papua New Guinea’s ports could be explained by the fact that it is close to and a natural hub between Australia and other parts of Asia, it is significant that both here, and in Samoa ports are based on the landlord model, under which the private sector competes to provide port services. Additionally, in Papua New Guinea there is competition between ports. Contracting out various port services to different operators may not be appropriate for small ports like Betio in Kiribati, since the port has such a low level of traffic it is not likely to generate sufficient competition. In these ports it may make more sense for the government to contract out all superstructure services to a single entity on a concession basis to improve efficiency. Table A.6 provides a detailed overview of institutional arrangements in selected ports and shipping services. Detailed information on selected ports follows. 132
Table A.6: Institutional Indicators in the Maritime Services Sector Maritime Services Suva, Fiji Apia, Samoa Betio, Kiribati Dili, Timor- Leste Port Vila, Vanuatu Lae Port and Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Nuku’alofa Port, Tonga Specific Legislation Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Pohnpei Port Authority, FSM Independent Regulator Y N N N N Y Y N Statutory Corporation N Y Y N N Y Y Y Independent Board N Y Y N N Y Y Y Private ownership: Infrastructure N N N N N Y N N Private ownership: Superstructure N Y N N N N Y Y Private operation: - Port infrastructure N Y N N N Y N N - Superstructure N Y N N N N Y Y - Stevedoring Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y - Pilotage Y N N N N Y N Y - Towage Y Y N N N Y N Y -Dredging N N N N N N Y -Other Y N N N Y - Y Y Competition within port services N Y N N N Y N N Competition between ports N N N N N Y N N Is the port profitable Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 133
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
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Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
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Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181: “A-Z World Airports Online” www
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