EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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system reduces cargo handling efficiency. The number of containers handled per hour is half the level of containers handled ports with good container crane operations. Dili Port, Timor-Leste 79 Work is currently underway to reconstruct and convert Dili port into an international port handling container cargo. Some of the existing infrastructure is over 40 years old and has been poorly maintained. It is estimated that in the future, operations at Dili port will be congested due to capacity constraints and proposals have been made to develop a new cargo port at Tibar to the west of Dili. Security A number of new codes and practices have been introduced recently, of which the most significant for Pacific ports is the International Marine Organization’s (IMO) International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS). Samoa, Pohnpei, Port Vila and Betio Port in Kiribati all reported that ISPS requirements have already been met. Despite the significant costs (especially for smaller ports like Betio), this suggests that most ports are meeting these requirements because losing the shipping traffic is simply not an option. Other security requirements include the US Maritime Transport Security Act (2002) which allows for the US to assess security at foreign ports, and the US Customs and Border Protection’s Container Security Initiative (CSI), which provides for export country container security measures. Under the CSI, restrictions can be imposed on, or entry denied to, vessels with cargo from ports that do not have effective anti-terrorist measures. Ports that export goods to the US or export goods on US-bound ships have to comply with these Acts. Port Charges Figure A.32 compares tariffs at selected Pacific ports for a vessel of 18,391 gross registered tons and184.9m and 6,030 gross registered tons and 113.2m calling. Figure A.32: Comparison of Port Charges Charge (AUD) for a ship of 18,391 grt and 184.9m long calling 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Honiara, Solomon Islands Apia, Samoa Port Moresby, PNG Port Vila, Vanuatu Suva, Fiji Charge (AUD) for a ship of 6,030grt and 113.12m long calling 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - Honiara, Solomon Islands Apia, Samoa Port Moresby, PNG Santo, Vanuatu Port Vila, Vanuatu Suva, Fiji Source: Pacific Regional Transport Study 2004 79 Sources: “Transport Sector Masterplan for East Timor” ADB, May 2002 and “World Bank Transport Sector Investment Plan for Timor-Leste”, May 2004 128
Port charges vary significantly within the region. Suva, Fiji has consistently higher charges, followed by Port Vila in Vanuatu. Apia, Samoa and Honiara in the Solomon Islands have the lowest charges of these ports, followed by Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. It is significant that in both Apia and Port Moresby port services (such as stevedoring) are provided on a competitive basis. In Papua New Guinea there is also competition between ports. By comparison, Suva port contracts out stevedoring services to a government owned monopoly provider. This suggests that the competition contributes towards lower port charges and greater service efficiency. Freight Rates Freight rates are more significant than port charges in the total cost of maritime trade. Figure A.33: Comparison of Freight Rates 2500 Freight Rates ( per 20' container) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Australia - Fiji Australia - PNG Source: Pacific Regional Transport Study, AusAid 2004 Australia - Kiribati Australia - Tonga Australia - Samoa Comments from the recent Pacific Regional Transport Study of relevance to this section are: Freight rates to and from many of the Pacific countries appear higher than rates charged on main line trades The cost of shipping services to these countries is high due to: long distances between ports of call, small scale of cargo flows, trade imbalances with high container repositioning costs and the need to employ relatively expensive geared vessels Rates to and from Fiji are lower than rates to and from other Pacific countries such as Tonga, Samoa, Kiribati and Nauru. This can be partly explained by Fiji’s relatively high trade volume and relative balance of trade. In addition, the higher volume of cargo shipped to and from Fiji attracts calls by a larger number of container operators creating a more competitive environment. The route from Australia to Fiji is highly competitive. It also has the lowest freight rates. 129
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
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Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
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Box 9.6: How can the public sector
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The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181: “A-Z World Airports Online” www
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EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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