EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Many Pacific countries already outsource the construction of new roads. These contracts include a post-construction maintenance period. This period is normally up to a year 70 . Countries could consider extending this period to help to reduce the maintenance burden on governments and provide incentives for durable construction. Regulation and Enforcement for Road Operations Studies and anecdotal evidence suggests that heavy vehicle overloading is a recurrent problem in many Pacific countries. Reasons for this problem include ineffective law enforcement, lack of vehicle inspection facilities and irresponsible driver behavior. Policies to address heavy vehicle overloading, traffic regulations and enforcement are as important as road maintenance. Fiji has implemented a number of initiatives to reduce overloading. The Government plans to install weighing stations at 18 sites with ADB funding, and has set up a Traffic and Road Safety Unit under a technical assistance project to identify and address all road safety and traffic management issues. Despite this, overloading remains a problem, and under existing road use charging systems, there is a low level of cost recovery for medium and heavy trucks relative to the damage caused to road pavements 71 . Overloading is an issue in other Pacific countries as well. In the Marshall Islands, proposals have been made to introduce a ‘road damage charge’ on heavy vehicles based on their laden axle weight, but this has yet to be implemented as it has not found favor with many road users. This concept is similar to that of the weighbridges in Fiji and is common policy in other countries like New Zealand and the USA. Cost Recovery and Commercial Autonomy In addition to outsourcing, road departments could benefit further from an increased commercial focus. This can be achieved by corporatizing the road department, and giving it control of its own budget and accounting, such as is being proposed for Fiji. Under this model, the road authority must be allowed to recover the costs of operation through vehicle licensing and registration, fuel taxes, vehicle loading charges. Countries that have a low road user base due to low vehicle numbers may not be able to cover the total maintenance costs in this way. Governments in these countries may need to continue to provide a subsidy for road maintenance from the domestic budget. These subsidies should be made explicit and the road authority or department and contractors made accountable for quality of service under the subsidy. 70 Castalia interviews with Ministries of Works in Fiji, Kiribati and Samoa 71 Republic of the Fiji Islands 1999 Economic Report, ADB Pacific Studies Series, 1999. 122
A.6 Ports and Maritime Services Sector Analysis Pacific countries rely on ports and shipping for imports, exports, domestic and regional transport of goods and passengers. Improved productivity and efficiency in port operations results in lower import costs and higher export returns. This has a positive effect on the countries’ economies. Exports account for a high proportion of the Fiji economy at around 70%, but represent only 40% of GDP or less for most other Pacific countries. This is lower than most comparator countries. Imports account for over 50% of GDP in most Pacific countries and over 80% in Samoa and Palau. This is significantly higher than in New Zealand, where imports account for around 30% of GDP. To illustrate the importance of trade – much of it maritime –Figure A.28 compares the goods imported and exported as a percentage of GDP in Pacific and comparator countries. Figure A.28: Goods Imported and Exported as a percentage of GDP Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Marshall Islands Tonga Palau Kiribati Samoa New Zealand Solomon Islands Jamaica PNG Vanuatu Philippines Barbados St. Lucia Mauritius Fiji Source: WDI Indicators Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia A.1.6 Shipping Patterns In the Pacific Figure A.29 demonstrates the major shipping patterns within the Pacific Region. They are: Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) 1. East-West services between Asia, North America and Europe. Large container ships of over 5000 TEUs 72 , which make up a large proportion of this traffic do not call at the Pacific Island ports 2. North-South services between Australia, New Zealand, North America and North East Asia are operated by ships of between 1800 and 2200 TEUs and do call at some Pacific Island ports 3. Intra-regional shipping services provide routes between Australia, New Zealand and various Pacific countries 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 New Zealand Solomon Islands PNG FSM Philippines Barbados Marshall Islands Mauritius Tonga St. Lucia Jamaica Vanuatu Fiji Kiribati Samoa Palau 72 TEU stands for “Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit”. This is the standard size for a single container. 123
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
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8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
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Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
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Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
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9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
Page 168 and 169: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 174 and 175: Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
Page 180 and 181:
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