EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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including full operating expenses and depreciation. This was achieved by setting costreflective tariffs, improving the utility’s billing efficiency and cost control measures. Both utilities have achieved tariff increases with government approval. This enabled a move toward overall profitability 46 . Both UNELCO and the PNGWB are required to be self financing and generate a return on investment. Other water utilities such as those in Fiji and Samoa rely on government subsidies to make up the difference between the tariff and actual operating costs. Loans and donor aid fund major capital works projects. A.4 Institutional Analysis and Recommendations Most water and sanitation utilities in the Pacific region are either government departments or government owned organizations responsible for urban supply. Table A.4 and Figure A.23 provide an overview of the institutional arrangements in the Pacific water and sanitation sectors. There is an urgent need to reduce costs and improve the quality and efficiency of service delivery in the water supply and sanitation sector. While scale issues will be an ongoing challenge for the Pacific countries, the performance of UNELCO in Vanuatu and, (albeit to a lesser extent), areas served by the Papua New Guinea Water Board’s, demonstrate that despite these challenges, improved performance is possible with better commercial and management practices. Water resources are an issue for some Pacific countries, but existing management practices have resulted in inefficiencies, which increase costs further, for example Kiribati has high non-revenue water, no metering and low tariffs. Pacific countries could therefore benefit from focusing on institutional changes to improve performance. Commonly recommended approaches to institutional improvement include: Corporatization Private Sector Participation Regulation Ensuring that any subsidies are paid for provision of outputs. The following sections review experience in the Pacific with each of these approaches. 46 The overall profitability level is not reflected every scheme in the Papua New Guinea Water Board. Some systems are cross subsidizing smaller and less profitable ones. The ADB recommended introducing a regional tariff structure reflecting the cost of water supply in each location. This had not been implemented by 2003. 110
Table A.4: Institutional Indicators in the Water and Sanitation Sector Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands FSM Palau PNG Samoa Solomon Islands Timor Leste Tonga Vanuatu Independent Regulator (Y/N) N N N N N N N N N Private Participation (Y/N) N N N N N N N N N N Y Does Tariff Cover Costs (Y/N) N N Y N Y Water and Sanitation covered by same provider Y Y Y N Y Y N Y N Figure A.23: Government Ownership in Water and Sanitation Utilities Government Department Continuum of Government Control and Ownership in Water and Sanitation Government Owned Corporation Privatized Corporation or Concession Contract Fiji: Public Works Department Palau: Ministry of Utilities, Water and Sewer Branch FSM: Pohnpei Utility Corporation, PNG: ‘Eda Ranu’ Chuuk Public Utility Corporation, Port Moresby Yap State Public Utility Service Corporation, Kosrae Public Utility Vanuatu: UNELCO Kiribati: Public Utilities Board Marshall Islands: Majuro Water and Sewerage Company PNG: Papua New Guinea Water Board (required to be self financing) Samoa: Samoa Water Authority Solomon Islands: Marine Solomon Islands Water Authority (SIWA) Source: Various, Castalia Research Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Timor-Leste: Water and Sanitation Service 111
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
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7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
Page 166 and 167: Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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