EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connections 40 Staff per 1000 connections 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Vanuatu Palau Jamaica St. Lucia Dominica Fiji Kiribati Solomon Islands Madang (PNG) Rabaul (PNG) Samoa Kosrae (FSM) Pohnpei (FSM) Marshall Islands Yap (FSM) Source: Various. Papua New Guinea figures are for Madang and Rabaul areas only 44 . Notes: FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Many water companies are able to operate effectively on less than four staff per 1000 connections. In the Pacific, only Vanuatu attains this level of operation. Tariffs and Cost Recovery In most Pacific countries, water tariffs have remained unchanged for many years. Figure A.21 shows that tariffs in Samoa and Fiji are extremely low when compared with Vanuatu for example, where UNELCO is allowed to recover the full cost of operation 45 . Kiribati (not graphed here) also has a very low tariff. Piped water costs a flat rate of $10 AUD per month irrespective of the amount of water used. These low tariffs are not due to low costs, but rather to government subsidies and underinvestment in infrastructure. 44 The Papua New Guinea Water Board offices in Madang and Rabaul record levels of 12 and 15 staff per 1000 connections respectively. These two areas were the focus for recent ADB technical assistance projects. 45 “Infrastructure Regulatory Review for Government of Vanuatu”, Castalia, July 2004 108
Figure A.21: Average Tariff (US$ per cubic meter) 1.2 1 Average Tariff (US$ per m3) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Fiji Philippines Samoa PNG Vanuatu Pohnpei (FSM) Jamaica St. Lucia Dominica Source: Various Note 1: St Lucia and Dominica rates for water and sewerage Note 2: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Cost recovery is an important indicator for water utilities. The higher the cost recovery ratio of a utility, the less reliant it is likely to be on government subsidies. Figure A.22: Cost Recovery Ratio 120% 100% Cost recovery ratio 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fiji Solomon Islands Kiribati Marshall Islands Vanuatu PNG Source: Pacific Water Association Benchmarking Survey 2001, “Special Evaluation Study on Asian Development Bank Capacity Building Assistance for Managing Water Supply and Sanitation to Republic of the Fiji Islands, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea and Republic of the Marshall Islands”, March 2003 Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Figure A.22 shows the cost recovery ratios for four Pacific countries based on an ADB evaluation in 2003. Most notable is Vanuatu’s UNELCO and the Papua New Guinea Water Board (PNGWB), which have managed to achieve a total cost recovery of over 100% 109
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
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Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
Page 164 and 165: Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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