EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Figure A.17: Availability of Water Supply 25 Availability of water supply (hours per day) 20 15 10 5 0 Kiribati Marshall Islands St. Lucia Fiji Kosrae (FSM) Pohnpei (FSM) Solomon Islands Yap (FSM) PNG Dominica Vanuatu Samoa New Zealand Source: Castalia interviews, WDI data and Pacific Water Association 2001 Benchmarking Survey Note 1: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia (PNG figures are for Madang and Rabaul areas only. Overall service levels are not known). Note 2: Large towns in Fiji have 24 hours of supply a day, but most other towns get between 18 to 20 hours of supply per day. In Samoa, Apia enjoys 24 hour a day supply, while rural towns get 14 – 18 hours and more remote towns, only 8. In Kiribati, water is available for between 3 and 8 hours a day to most of population on Tarawa. The number of customer complaints per connection is another good indicator of quality of service. Figure A.18 provides an overview of customer satisfaction for water and sanitation services, comparing customer complaint levels. Figure A.18: Level of Customer Complaints Level of customer complaints per connection - Water 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 PNG Pohnpei (FSM) Yap (FSM) Palau Kosrae (FSM) Fiji Kiribati Level of customer compaints per connection - Wastewater 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Yap (FSM) Fiji Pohnpei (FSM) Kosrae (FSM) Palau Kiribati Source: Pacific Water Association, 2001 Benchmarking Survey Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Kiribati, Palau and Kosrae in Federated States of Micronesia have a relatively high number of complaints per connection for water and wastewater services. Fiji has a high number of complaints for water, but far fewer for wastewater. 106
Efficiency To get an understanding of the relative efficiency of water utilities in Pacific countries, we examined utility staffing levels and non-revenue water for utilities where data were available. Figure A.19 shows non-revenue water for five Pacific countries and two comparator countries. Non-revenue water is an important measure of efficiency. It refers to the difference between system input volume and the billed or authorized consumption, and includes unbilled consumption from faulty meters, illegal connections or under-billing as well as physical losses from leakages and overflows 43 . Figure A.19: Non-Revenue Water 70% 60% Non-Revenue Water (%) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Vanuatu St. Lucia PNG Marshall Islands Pohnpei (FSM) Yap (FSM) Kosrae (FSM) Dominica Kiribati Solomon Islands Fiji Samoa Jamaica Source: Castalia interviews and Pacific Water Association 2001 Benchmarking Survey Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia, Vanuatu figures are for Port Vila Water utilities in many emerging markets are able to achieve levels of between 20% - 30% non revenue water. Of the Pacific countries, Vanuatu performs best with losses of less than 25%. Samoa, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Kiribati perform worst with estimated losses of between 40% and 55%, although in the case of Kiribati, loss levels have significantly reduced from 60% following the rehabilitation of a major pipe to Betio. High staffing levels are another indicator of inefficiency. Figure A.20 shows that with the exception of Vanuatu, Palau and Fiji, the Pacific water utilities all have over 10 staff per 1000 connections. 43 We have used the term non-revenue water in this paper instead of unaccounted for water. Statistics for Marshall Islands, PNG, Fiji and Kiribati are “non revenue water” and Vanuatu, St Lucia and Jamaica are “unaccounted for water”. 107
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
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While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
Page 162 and 163: Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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