EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Analysis Pacific countries have varying levels of water availability. Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Vanuatu have a relative abundance of water, while other countries like Kiribati, Marshall Islands and Palau do not have rivers and lakes, but depend on rainwater collection. While countries have little control over the natural availability of water, sector infrastructure and institutions can help to ensure that this (sometimes scarce) resource is used efficiently, effectively and conservatively. This section examines the quality and performance of water and sanitation infrastructure in Pacific countries. A.1.3 Benchmarking Access Figure A.15 compares the levels of access to improved water and sanitation within Pacific and comparator countries. Improved water includes reticulated supply and rainwater catchment tanks. Improved sanitation refers to both reticulated and non-reticulated solutions such as improved pit latrines. Figure A.15: Access to Water and Sanitation 120 120 Acces to improved water Mauritius 100 Tonga Samoa Dominica Grenada Vanuatu FSM St Lucia Philippines Jamaica 80 Solomon Islands 60 Kiribati Fiji 40 PNG 20 Palau St Kitts Barbados Access to improved sanitation 100 80 60 40 20 Vanuatu Samoa Philippines PNG Kiribati FSM Solomon Islands Jamaica Mauritius Grenada Fiji Dominica St Lucia Palau St Kitts Barbados 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Source: WDI Indicators GDP per Capita 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 GDP per Capita Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia The trend line in these graphs indicates the expected level of access to improved water and sanitation given a country’s GDP per capita. The wealthier the country, the higher we would expect access to water and sanitation to be. Countries that lie above this trend line are outperforming expected access levels, while countries that fall below the line have relatively poor access levels, given their income. Only Tonga, Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia and Vanuatu provide access to improved water services to over 80% of the population, while Vanuatu, Samoa, Palau and Papua New Guinea report that over 80% of the population have access to improved sanitation. On the whole access in the Pacific countries is worse than in the Caribbean or the Philippines. 104
Access to reticulated water and sanitation, which is the real focus of water companies, generally falls significantly below these figures. In Kiribati for example, piped water only accounts for 48% of the total access figure for 2000. The remainder of the water is classed as access to ‘rain water’ and ‘protected wells’. In Tonga, the 1996 Population Census Report recorded that 57% of households had access to piped water supply, while other households accessed water through private tanks, wells or other means. Access to water and sanitation also varies substantially between urban and rural areas within each country, with rural access levels being lower. Figure A.16 shows the proportion of population served for water and sanitation in the utility coverage areas. Figure A.16: Proportion of Population Served – Water Utility Coverage Area 90 100 Proportion population served % - Water 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pohnpei (FSM) PNG Kiribati Yap (FSM) Kosrae (FSM) Solomon Islands Vanuatu Source: Pacific Water Association, 2001 Benchmarking Survey Notes: PNG: Papua New Guinea, FSM: Federated States of Micronesia Proportion population served (%) - Wastewater 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PNG Pohnpei (FSM) Fiji Kiribati Kosrae (FSM) Yap (FSM) Palau Water utilities in Kiribati and the Solomon Islands achieve higher levels of access in their coverage areas than is reflected in the overall access statistics. This reflects the difficulty in providing access to rural and remote areas when island groups are dispersed, and reinforces the difference in access to service between urban and rural areas. Quality Some countries produce drinkable water, but continuity of supply is often a problem. Figure A.17 compares the reliability of service for utilities in several Pacific and comparator countries. Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and large towns in Samoa, Fiji and Papua New Guinea all have continuous service. By comparison, Kiribati and Marshall Islands provide service for only a few hours each day. There is a reluctance to extend service hours in these countries due to limited water resources and water storage capacity. Three hours of water is enough to fill a small tank in the average Kiribati home. 105
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
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Pacific countries, management salar
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There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 108 and 109: Table A.3: Industry Structure and G
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
Page 158 and 159: Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
Page 160 and 161: Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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“A-Z World Airports Online” www
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