EAP - The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge - World Bank (2006).pdf

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Table A.3: Industry Structure and Governance Arrangements Smaller Islands – Vertically Integrated Larger Countries Private Public Public Private Public Barbados St. Lucia Dominica Grenada Vanuatu Tonga Kiribati Marshall FSM Palau Fiji Jamaica Timor Supply Corporatized Y Y Y Y Y Y 2 Y Y N N Y Y N Board of Directors Autonomous from Executive Branch Transparent Legislation Vertical Unbundling in Power Industry Horizontal Unbundling in Power Generation Horizontal Unbundling in Power Distribution Y Y Y Y Y N Y N N Y Y N N N N N N N N N Y Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Independent Power n.a System Operator 3 n.a n.a n.a Y n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a N N N Power Single Buyer 6 Y Y Y N N N N N N Y Y N Power Bilateral N N N N N N N N N N N N N Contracting Power Pool/Wholesale Market Private Management of Power Industry (% of total capital) N N N N N N N N N N N N N 100 59 100 90 100 100 4 0 0 0 0 80 5 0 0 NOTES: 1 The Timor- Leste Government intends to convert EDTL ( Electricidade de Timor Leste) into an autonomous public company in 2004 2 Although the power operation has been “corporatized” in the form of a concession contract, it is to a company controlled by the Crown Prince of Tonga. There is no effective separation from the executive branch of the Government 3 n.a.: Not Applicable 4 This is owned by the Crown Prince as a private individual 5 Estimated 6 Single buyer means buying from third parties 1 100
There is great potential for improvement in the efficiency and customer service standards of the sector, but major change is required to the way in which governance and management applies to the institutions. Box A.7: Private Sector Interest in Kiribati The Kiribati Public Utilities Board is responsible for electricity and water on South Tarawa. The Ministry of Works and Energy oversees the electricity sector for the remainder of the country. Most electricity in Kiribati is diesel generated, although some households also employ solar panels. It is often argued that small countries like Kiribati will not be able attract private sector interest due to small markets and potentially lower revenues. However, this is not the case. There have been suggestions of introducing Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in Kiribati and at least three private operators (Island Power, Telesource and a company in Guam) have expressed interest. Although this concept has been put to the Government of Kiribati, Ministry personnel expressed reservations that this interest may not convert to actual commitments due to low returns, but there is no basis yet upon which to confirm that this will in fact be the case. The fact that some companies have actually expressed interest, knowing the size and scale of the Kiribati market, and having operated in other small Pacific Island countries (e.g. Telesource is involved in power generation in Fiji and the Federates States of Micronesia as well), suggests that the interest is real. At any rate, it would not hurt for Kiribati (or other small island states for that matter) to test the interest by giving the private sector the option to tender for services. The worst case scenario is that competitive bidding does not eventuate. In this case, the country could choose to appoint the single bidder if there is one, or continue with current government operations having lost very little. On the other hand, if the private sector interest is real, the country has much to gain. Source: Castalia Interviews with Kiribati Ministry of Works and Energy and Public Utilities Board, September 2004 101
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challeng
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Table of Contents 1 Acronyms and Ab
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Figure 8.4: Annual Per Capita Inves
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Box 7.9: ECTEL - Regulatory Coopera
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kWh MDG MIAA MIPA MNOC MOTCA MOU MP
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2 Executive Summary This discussion
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Fiscal, regulatory and policy decis
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Figure 2.2: Estimated Annual Invest
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3 What’s the Purpose of the Discu
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Box 4.2: Improving Infrastructure f
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5 How well are Pacific Countries Pe
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Figure 5.1: Access to Electricity 1
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Water tariffs are often too low In
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Table 6.1 shows that in addition to
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These characteristics mean that Pac
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6.2 Challenges to Institutions and
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6.2.2 Demographic Issues in the Reg
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These high rural populations mean t
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of Defining
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Lack of legal and regulatory suppor
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7 Challenge: How do we Lift Perform
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7.1.2 Poor Policy Design and Coordi
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different, some efficiency may be g
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Figure 7.1: Accountability in Infra
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Box 7.3: Expert Panels can Improve
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Some of these reforms have already
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7.2.2 Choose an Appropriate Reform
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Box 7.5: Public Sector Reforms in t
Page 58 and 59: Pacific countries, management salar
Page 60 and 61: There are three classic types of pr
Page 62 and 63: While private sector involvement ma
Page 64 and 65: Air services would also benefit fro
Page 66 and 67: 7.2.5 Regional Coordination One opt
Page 68 and 69: 8 What’s the Size of the Challeng
Page 70 and 71: Figure 8.3: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 72 and 73: Figure 8.5: Mainlines Trend 0.600 N
Page 74 and 75: Figure 8.8: Annual Per Capita Inves
Page 76 and 77: Figure 8.11: Total Annual Per Capit
Page 78 and 79: 9 How do we meet the Challenge This
Page 80 and 81: Box 9.3: Can private sector involve
Page 82 and 83: Box 9.6: How can the public sector
Page 84 and 85: The proportion of mainline access a
Page 86 and 87: Box A.2: Introducing Telecommunicat
Page 88 and 89: Universal Access Universal access r
Page 90 and 91: good example of this. The Kiwi Shar
Page 92 and 93: Figure A.7: Reported Faults per 100
Page 94 and 95: Table A.1: Institutional Indicators
Page 96 and 97: and there have been calls to recons
Page 98 and 99: A.2 Electricity Sector Analysis A s
Page 100 and 101: Figure A.10: Average Electricity Ta
Page 102 and 103: Figure A.11: Economies of Scale in
Page 104 and 105: interest rate relief on a US$9m loa
Page 106 and 107: As Figure A.14 shows, Vanuatu perfo
Page 110 and 111: Regional Cooperation in Electricity
Page 112 and 113: A.3 Water and Sanitation Sector Ana
Page 114 and 115: Figure A.17: Availability of Water
Page 116 and 117: Figure A.20: Staff per 1000 Connect
Page 118 and 119: including full operating expenses a
Page 120 and 121: Corporatization is often employed t
Page 122 and 123: operating costs, collections levels
Page 124 and 125: Figure A.25: Road Network Density v
Page 126 and 127: Federated States of Micronesia at b
Page 128 and 129: In Samoa: Samoa’s Public Works De
Page 130 and 131: Many Pacific countries already outs
Page 132 and 133: 4. Domestic and Pacific Island serv
Page 134 and 135: Figure A.31: TEU Throughput Levels
Page 136 and 137: system reduces cargo handling effic
Page 138 and 139: Economies of Scale Port operations
Page 140 and 141: The landlord model is the most comm
Page 142 and 143: Fiji 84 Ports The Maritime and Port
Page 144 and 145: Apia Port has become one of the bes
Page 146 and 147: Kiribati 90 Ports The Kiribati Port
Page 148 and 149: In Shipping: Services are considere
Page 150 and 151: Figure A.36: Total Passenger Throug
Page 152 and 153: Airline Services Figure A.38 illust
Page 154 and 155: establishment period. For the offic
Page 156 and 157: Vanuatu 101 Airports Vanuatu Limite
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Samoa 104 The Samoa Airport Authori
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Institutional Arrangements in Aviat
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Summary of Aviation Analysis The Pa
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Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micr
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Barbados Dominica Grenada Jamaica M
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste T
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