English Version - United Nations Development Programme Romania

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The legal framework regarding forestry is necessary but currently inefficient. Besides, the law has to include all those terms and conditions which ensure the respect of the forest regime, conditions such as the creation of adequate institutional structures, granting of state subsidies for forest owners forced by law to undertake unprofitable activities or to give up profitable ones. Total privatisation of the activities linked to silviculture will be instrumental in the success of sustainable forest management, as will the taking over of responsibilities of exploiting the forestry fund by the silviculture. Private economic agents, service providers or administrators must be engaged in such activities. Privatisation is to include other fields of activity as well: construction of roads, production of seedlings, correction and channelling of streams, control of damaging insects, etc. The development and sustainable management of forests requires substantial subsidies from the state for the many economically non-profitable forestry activities, which are nevertheless extremely important for the ecological balance, especially in the case of privately owned forests. The implementation of the programme for sustainable management of forests in Romania will also depend on foreign funding. We consider the following points beneficial and of great interest for the international community: restructuring of degraded lands, conservation of biodiversity, including protection of pristine forests, securing access to the silvicultural fund, restoration of the course of the Danube in the spirit of nature, creation of a national network of protective forest belts. 36
CHAPTER 5 Evaluation and the Development of Anthropic Capital 5.1 Agriculture and Food Supply Security The main objective of the development and modernisation of Romania's agriculture should be the creation of efficient and modern systems and structures, capable of ensuring the following: Food and non-food products for domestic consumption and export, meeting the demand for higher quality products; Protection of the natural resources soil, air, water, and biodiversity all of which are limited and will become a strategic global problem because of the globalisation of agriculture; Preserving the quality of agricultural land. This can be achieved by eliminating the imbalances caused by the natural use of land and by acting to diminish and eliminate the adverse effects caused by industrialisation and urbanisation. a) Technical-economic resources and deficiencies of agriculture Romania has 23.8 million ha of land, of which 14,8 million ha are used for agriculture: 9.3 million ha of arable land, 3.4 million ha of grassland, 1.5 million ha of hey fields and 0.3 million ha of orchards. The deficiencies of the Land Fund Law No. 18/1991, and especially the misapplication of this law, led to the over fragmentation of agricultural land (over 40 million lots owned by 4.5 million agricultural enterprises, each family owning, on the average, 2.25 hectares). In 1997, 10,155,000 people lived in rural areas (45.1% of the total population), of which 3,322,000 worked in the agricultural sector. The population employed in the agricultural sector is relatively old (32.2% between 50 and 64 years of age, 23.5% are over 64 and only 26.6% between 15 and 34). Approximately 93.6% of the active population graduated from elementary school, 56% of which hold a high school diploma; 6.4% are unschooled and 50,000 hold professional degrees. Only 4% of the new landowners have appropriate machinery to work the land, 36.3% use cattle to work the land and the rest use manual labour. Agriculture employs a wide range of methods, from the most primitive ones to the most modern methods. However, the use of the most recent techniques is not widespread, but has begun to spread. There are 164,756 tractors in the country, and 124,286 are owned by the private sector. These tractors and the rest of the agricultural machinery are not sufficient to guarantee that the needed works can be done at the appropriate time, the more so as they are to a great extent obsolescent and unreliable. The amount of chemical fertilisers and pesticides used in agriculture has been decreasing in recent years. In 1990, 1,113,000 tons of chemical fertilisers were used in agriculture and beginning with 1991, the amounts suffered a dramatic decline and in 1998 only 383,000 tons of chemical fertilisers were used and organic fertilisers are utilised in very small quantities. The result is a decreased production that is actually obtained at the expense of the nutrients from the natural soil reserve, with a further series of adverse effects on the quantity and quality of the crops on the one hand and on the soil and environment quality on the other. Cereals, mainly maize and wheat, take up 70% of the agricultural crops, with industrial and technical plants like sunflower, potato, and sugar beet taking up 15% of the agricultural crops. Overall, the structures and rotation of cultures do not meet the criteria of food supply security, the needs of the food industry, the market demands, or the requirements for the development of a sustainable agricultural sector. Zootechnics makes up 46% of the total value of the agricultural production. After 1990, the number of animals of all species has decreased constantly and sharply. As a result, there are only 3.835 million heads of cattle, 7.097 million pigs, 9.547 million heads of sheep and goats, and 66.620 million chickens. Scientific research and technological development is carried out, despite particular financial difficulties at times insurmountable, by 2,000 researchers. Their research offers a scientific basis for agricultural production, but under the current conditions, is applied by a limited number of agricultural enterprises. Investment in the agricultural sector represented 16% of total investment in the national economy, more precisely 7,243.5 billion lei. Of this amount 122.3 billion were invested in construction, 5.795 in equipment, and 29.2 billion were spent on imported equipment. 37
Page 1 and 2: ROMANIA National Sustainable Develo
Page 3 and 4: The Prime Minister of Romania Roman
Page 5 and 6: The President of the Romanian Acade
Page 7 and 8: First Part: Objectives and Prioriti
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2 Priorities of Sustainable
Page 11 and 12: According to some surveys of school
Page 13 and 14: udget debts, and of social pressure
Page 15 and 16: tendency - provoked by the foreign
Page 17 and 18: The energy sector in Romania is fac
Page 19 and 20: The most likely scenario for Romani
Page 21 and 22: surveying networks corresponding to
Page 23 and 24: Criteria for evaluating options for
Page 25 and 26: The basin principle , according to
Page 27 and 28: 80% of the lignite and brown coal r
Page 29 and 30: entered into, new environment prote
Page 31 and 32: Table 4.3 Indices of forestry resou
Page 33: Improving the logistics level in or
Page 37 and 38: When drawing up the stages for the
Page 39 and 40: The future of the energy industry m
Page 41 and 42: Increasing efficient user consumpti
Page 43 and 44: Increasing the contribution of this
Page 45 and 46: In this context, the strategy for t
Page 47 and 48: Increasing of the financial, resear
Page 49 and 50: inspecting the technical condition
Page 51 and 52: Ensuring availability of human reso
Page 53 and 54: 5.8 Trade During the last few years
Page 55 and 56: demand to these products, the gover
Page 57 and 58: -million lei- Total spending: 1,465
Page 59 and 60: Aluminium 33 40 10 24 Paper and car
Page 61 and 62: In 1994, the National Bank adopted
Page 63 and 64: Generally speaking though, the insu
Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 6 Evaluation and Developmen
Page 67 and 68: growing population as the result of
Page 69 and 70: APVP = potential lost life years (d
Page 71 and 72: allocated for health increases only
Page 73 and 74: The legal framework, as well as the
Page 75 and 76: Speeding up reforms in the field of
Page 77 and 78: 6.5.3 Non-governmental organisation
Page 79 and 80: Fig. 6.2 -Internal migration Thous.
Page 81 and 82: Unidentified materials 300 thousand
Page 83 and 84: Providing housing for all the popul
Page 85 and 86:
Healthy economic growth, efficientl
Page 87 and 88:
The result of the differentiated co
Page 89 and 90:
Establishing certain priorities and
Page 91 and 92:
Key actions and commitments of the
Page 93 and 94:
8.2 Financial policies The principl
Page 95 and 96:
8.3.2 Premises SME development in R
Page 97 and 98:
The threat of increased pressure on
Page 99 and 100:
CHAPTER 9 Social policies The subst
Page 101 and 102:
The current system functions based
Page 103 and 104:
CHAPTER 10 The institutional framew
Page 105 and 106:
CHAPTER 11 Territorial planning Ter
Page 107 and 108:
CHAPTER 12 External Policy and Nati
Page 109 and 110:
) Flexible reallocation of necessar
Page 111 and 112:
CHAPTER 13 Development of Infrastru
Page 113 and 114:
structure for a thorough, comprehen
Page 115 and 116:
NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ST
show all

English Version - United Nations Development Programme Romania

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?