pg-354-367-workbook

Name Class Date
Plant Structure
and Function
Structure and Function
Q: How are cells, tissues, and organs organized into systems that carry out
the basic functions of a seed plant
Chapter Summary
The diagram below shows what you will read about in this chapter and how the chapter is
organized. Study the diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.
23.1 Specialized
Tissues in Plants
Seed plant structure
Plant tissue systems
Plant growth and meristems
23.2 Roots
Root structure and growth
Root functions
23.3 Stems
Stem structure and function
Growth of stems
23.4 Leaves
Leaf structure and function
Gas exchange and homeostasis
23.5 Transport in
Plants
Water transport
Nutrient transport
1. What are the five main topics specialized tissue in plants, roots, stems, leaves, and
transport in plants
2. What do the main topics all have in common They are all related to plant structure
and function.
3. What do you expect to learn about in Lesson 2
roots
4. Which part of the plant is involved in gas exchange and homeostasis leaf
5. Why do you think the lesson about transport in plants is the last lesson Sample
answer: We need to understand specialized tissue, roots, stems, and leaves in order to
understand transport.
Chapter 23 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
354

Name Class Date
23.1 Specialized Tissues in Plants
Lesson Objectives
Identify the principal organs of seed plants.
Explain the primary functions of the main tissue systems of seed plants.
Contrast meristems with other plant tissues.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart
by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done
for you.
Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember
the Meaning
Apical meristem
Epidermis
(ep uh DUR mis)
Lignin
Meristem
A meristem found in the tip of a stem
or root
A single layer of cells that makes up
the dermal tissue in young plants
A complex molecule that resists water
and gives wood it strength
Area of unspecialized cells that
produce new, undifferentiated cells
“A” is the first letter of the alphabet,
and an Apical meristem is found at the
start, or tip, of a stem or root.
Think “dermatologist” and the
“skin” of the plant.
Lignin looks sort of like “rigid.”
Meristem makes cells.
B. As you work through this lesson, you may find these terms in the activities. When you
need to write a key term or a definition, highlight the term or the definition.
Note: Students should highlight terms and definitions used throughout the chapter.
BUILD Understanding
Concept Map A concept map can help you organize information and show how ideas are
connected.
As you read Lesson 1, fill in the missing information in the concept map on the next page.
Lesson 23.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
355

Name Class Date
Specialized Tissues
in Plants
are related to
include
are related to
Seed Plant
Structure
includes
Plant Tissue
Systems
include
Plant Growth
and Meristems
Roots Stems Leaves
Dermal
Tissue
Vascular
Tissue
Ground
Tissue
Seed Plant Structure
The cells of seed plants are organized into different tissues and organs. The three main plant
organs are roots, stems, and leaves.
Answer the questions.
1. The principal organs in which plants carry out photosynthesis are the leaves .
2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a function of a root.
A. They anchor plants in the ground.
B. They compete with other plants for sunlight.
C. They hold plants upright.
D. They absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
Plant Tissue Systems
Dermal Tissue Dermal tissue is the protective outer covering of a plant. Dermal tissue
covers all parts of the roots, stems, and leaves.
Answer the questions.
4. Dermal tissue typically consists of a single layer of epidermal cells.
5. What is the function of the cuticle
A. It protects against water loss and injury.
B. It supports the plant body.
C. It transports nutrients throughout the plant.
D. It helps plants absorb water.
6. How is dermal tissue different in older plants
In older plants, dermal tissue may be many cell layers deep and covered with bark.
Lesson 23.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
356

Name Class Date
Plant Tissue Systems
Plants have three primary types of tissue: dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.
Follow the directions.
1. Identify each type of tissue listed in the table. Use the terms below.
dermal tissue ground tissue vascular tissue
Tissue Cells Function
dermal tissue
epidermal cells, root hair cells
protects plant, aids in water
absorption in roots, regulates
water loss and gas exchange
in leaves
vascular tissue
xylem: tracheids and, in
angiosperms, vessel elements;
phloem: sieve tube elements,
companion cells
conducts water and other
materials through the plant
ground tissue
parenchyma, collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma cells
site of most photosynthesis;
helps support plants
Answer the questions.
2. What type of tissue are xylem and phloem Circle the correct answer.
dermal tissue vascular tissue ground tissue
3. What does ground tissue produce and store Circle the correct answer.
sugars epidermis lignin
4. Some plants have meristems that play a role in their growth. Where are apical meristems
located
at the tips of roots and stems
5. Which is not characteristic of a plant’s vascular tissue
A. It transports water and food inside the plant.
B. It supports the plant’s stems and leaves.
C. It positions the plant’s leaves closer to the sun.
D. It transports egg and sperm cells for reproduction.
6. The cells that are between dermal and vascular tissue make up what kind of tissue
ground tissue
Lesson 23.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
357

Name Class Date
Plant Tissue Systems
Vascular Tissue Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissue in plants. Xylem
conducts water, while phloem conducts food and other materials. Xylem is made up of
specialized cells called tracheids and vessel elements. Phloem is made up of sieve tube
elements and companion cells.
Follow the directions.
1. Color the tracheids green.
2. Color the vessel elements blue.
3. Color the companion cells yellow.
4. Color the sieve tube elements orange.
Xylem
Phloem
(yellow)
(green)
(orange)
(blue)
Answer the questions.
5. Which cells have tiny holes through which nutrients move from cell to cell Circle the
correct answer.
sieve tube elements tracheids vessel elements
6. Is the following statement true or false As they mature, tracheids die, leaving only their
cell walls. true
Match the vascular tissues with their descriptions.
7. C vessel element A. the main phloem cells
8. B companion cells B. phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements
9. A sieve tube elements C. xylem cells arranged end to end on top of one
another
Lesson 23.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
358

Name Class Date
Inquiry Into Scientific Thinking
What Parts of Plants Do We Eat Foods come from different parts of plants, but
people do not eat every part of every plant. For example, the leaves of the rhubarb plant are
poisonous, but the stems are used for food.
Follow the directions.
1. Read the list of foods below. For each food, decide whether it is from the root, stem,
leaves, fruit, or seed of a plant.
carrot spinach cherry
radish rhubarb apple
peach cabbage pea
turnip lima bean sunflower
celery lettuce green onion
2. Classify the foods. Write each one in the correct column of the chart.
Root Stem Leaves Fruit Seed
carrot
rhubarb
lettuce
apple
pea
radish
celery
spinach
cherry
sunflower
turnip
green onion
cabbage
peach
lima bean
Analyze and Conclude
1. Name three foods that come from the leaves of a plant.
lettuce, spinach, and cabbage
2. Peas, sunflowers, and lima beans all come from what part of a plant seed
3. What is one clue that a food is a plant root Sample answer: It has root hair.
4. What is one clue that a food is a leaf
A. It is brightly colored.
B. It is green.
C. It has a strong smell.
D. It has a pit.
Lesson 23.1 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
359

Name Class Date
23.2 Roots
Lesson Objectives
Describe the main tissues in a mature root.
Describe the different functions of roots.
BUILD Vocabulary
The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by
writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you.
Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember
the Meaning
Cortex
Endodermis
Root cap
Root hair
A thin layer of ground tissue
just inside the epidermis
A layer of ground tissue that
surrounds the vascular cylinder
A tough covering on the tip of
a root
A thin projection on the surface
of a root
The cortex lies just beneath the external
layer of the ground tissue.
The endodermis surrounds the vascular
cylinder from end to end.
The root cap covers the root like a cap on
a person’s head.
Root hairs cover the surface of a root, like my
hair covers the surface of my head.
BUILD Understanding
Venn Diagram A Venn diagram is a useful tool for comparing two topics. Copy the
following Venn diagram into your notebook. Then complete it as you read.
Taproot
Fibrous Root
• found in dicots
• long, thick primary root
• small branch roots
• can store sugars
and starches
Both
• draw water
and nutrients
from soil
• provide raw
materials for
developing
stems &
leaves
• found in monocots
• equally sized roots
• hold topsoil in place
Lesson 23.2 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
360

Name Class Date
Root Structure and Growth
Plant roots are made up of a vascular cylinder surrounded by ground tissue and the
epidermis. The epidermis protects the root and absorbs water. The spongy layer of ground
tissue just inside the epidermis is called the cortex. The vascular cylinder includes xylem and
phloem. The vascular cylinder is completely enclosed by a thin layer of ground tissue called
the endodermis.
Follow the directions.
1. Color the epidermis blue.
2. Color the vascular cylinder red.
3. Color the cortex brown.
4. Color the endodermis green.
(blue)
(red)
(green)
(brown)
Phloem
Xylem
5. What type of tissue makes up the epidermis Circle the correct answer.
dermal vascular ground
6. What makes up the vascular cylinder
xylem and phloem
7. What type of tissue is located at the tip of the root Circle the correct answer.
vascular meristematic ground
8. How do root hairs help plants
Root hairs spread out through the soil and create a large surface through which the
plant can gather water.
Lesson 23.2 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
361

Name Class Date
Root Structure and Growth
Types of Roots There are two main types of root systems: taproot systems and fibrous root
systems. Just like a person, plants have different parts that do different things. Roots supply a
plant with what it needs to survive. Roots are often found underground.
Complete the table about types of roots.
Types of Roots
Type of Root Description Mainly in Dicots or
Monocots
Examples
Taproots
thick primary roots;
grow deep into soil
dicots
oak and hickory
trees, carrots, radishes,
dandelions
Fibrous roots
many thin roots
branching off and
replacing primary
root; shallow
monocots
grasses
Answer the questions.
1. What are two functions of a plant’s roots
a.
Roots absorb water and dissolve minerals.
b.
Roots hold the plant in the soil.
Root Functions
2. Is the following sentence true or false The ingredients of a soil can determine which
plants can grow in it. true
3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about active transport of minerals in roots.
A. Water molecules move into the plant by active transport.
B. ATP is the source of energy used to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant.
C. The cell membranes of root hairs contain active transport proteins.
D. Using active transport, a root actually pumps water into the plant.
4. What are two essential plant nutrients
Sample answers: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium
Lesson 23.2 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
362

Name Class Date
23.3 Stems
Lesson Objectives
Describe the main functions of stems.
Contrast the processes of primary growth and secondary growth in stems.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart
by writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done
for you.
Term Definition How I’m Going to Remember
the Meaning
Bark
Bud
Tissues found outside the
vascular cambium
The place on a stem where
a new stems and leaves are
formed
Bark is found on the outside of the tree trunk,
which is made up of the vascular cambium.
Bud is another word for a new flower, so I
can remember that it is also a place where
new stems and leaves are formed.
Cork
cambium
Node
Primary
growth
Secondary
growth
Vascular
bundle
Vascular
cambium
Tissue that produces the outer
covering of stems
The place where a leaf attaches
to a stem
Plant growth that adds length
Plant growth that adds thickness
Clusters of xylem and phloem
Tissue that produces vascular
tissue and increases the
thickness of cells over time
Cork cambium makes the covering.
A node is like a knot. A knot can be used
to attach things. So the node is where a
leaf attaches to a stem.
L comes before W, so the first growth, or
primary growth, involves length.
W comes after L, so width is the
secondary growth.
A vascular bundle is a bundle of xylem
and phloem.
Vascular cambium creates volume.
B. As you work through this lesson, you may find these terms in the activities. When you
need to write a key term or a definition, highlight the term or the definition.
Lesson 23.3 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
363

Name Class Date
BUILD Understanding
Preview Visuals Previewing visuals and taking notes about them can help you to
remember what you read and review for tests. Visuals include photographs, charts, graphs,
and diagrams. As you look at the visuals in the following chart, think about why each is
important to the lesson.
Preview the lesson and take notes about the visuals listed in the left column of the chart below.
Figure Name
Primary and
Secondary Growth
Notes
Shows how stems grow longer in primary growth and wider in
secondary growth.
Formation of Wood
and Bark
Shows how many different of layers of a tree develop.
CHAPTER
Fig Stems The stems and leaves of a mature fig block sunlight from the host plant.
Draw a diagram showing how the fig blocks light from the host.
Students’ drawings should show the fig’s
stems and leaves wrapped around the host
plant.
Lesson 23.3 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
364

Name Class Date
Stem Structure and Function
Vascular Bundle Patterns Both monocot and dicot stems have vascular bundles. The
distribution of vascular bundles differs in dicots and monocots.
Follow the directions.
1. Label the dicot stem and the monocot stem.
monocot
dicot
Answer the questions.
2. How is the arrangement of vascular bundles in a monocot different from that in a dicot
The vascular bundles in a monocot stem are scattered throughout the stem. They are
arranged in a ring in a dicot stem.
3. What is the role of the vascular bundles Circle the correct answer.
carry water and food support leaves and flowers
Growth of Stems
Primary and Secondary Growth
1. Increases in the thickness of stems over
time result from the production of tissue
by the
A. ground tissue.
B. apical meristem.
C. cork cambrium.
D. vascular cambium.
2. Primary growth is the result of growth of
cells made by the
A. cork cambium.
B. vascular cambium.
C. primary xylem.
D. apical meristem.
Apical meristem
Secondary
Growth
Primary
Growth
Lesson 23.3 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
365

Name Class Date
Growth of Stems
Growth From the Vascular Cambium As dicot plants grow larger, their stems get
wider as well as longer. This increase in width is called secondary growth.
Follow the directions.
1. Color the primary phloem red and the secondary phloem orange.
2. Color the primary xylem purple and the secondary xylem blue.
3. Color the cork brown.
A. Vascular cambium
appears.
(red)
B. Secondary growth
continues. (brown)
(purple)
(red)
(orange)
(blue) (purple)
(brown)
(red)
C. Mature stem
develops.
(orange)
(blue)
(purple)
Answer the questions.
4. In a mature dicot system, which tissue does not make up bark Circle the correct answer.
cork primary phloem vascular cambium
5. Where does vascular cambium form Circle the correct answer.
between xylem and phloem
between cork and phloem
Lesson 23.3 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
366

Name Class Date
Growth of Stems
Formation of Wood Some plants have woody stems. Woody stems are strong with
protective bark. Plants that have woody stems usually live a long time. Tree rings in woody
stems have dark wood at one edge and light wood at the other. By counting the rings you can
guess how old the tree is.
Follow the directions.
1. Use the terms below to label the cross section of the tree.
xylem growth ring bark phloem
growth ring
phloem
xylem
bark
Answer the questions.
2. What is the age of the tree
approximately 11 years
3. When a strip of bark is removed all the way around the trunk of a tree, the tree dies.
Explain why. The inner part of bark is phloem. If the bark is stripped around the entire
base, all the phloem in that space is removed. Food made in the leaves can no longer
reach the lower parts of the tree. The cells die, then the tree.
4. List in order the layers of tissue in a woody stem, moving from the center to the outside
layer.
vascular cambium inner bark with living phloem outer bark
heartwood
sapwood
inner bark
vascular with living
heartwood ➛ sapwood ➛ cambium ➛ phloem ➛ outer bark
5. Is the following statement true or false Most of what we call wood is actually layers of
primary xylem. false
6. What does cork cambium produce Circle the correct answer.
epidermis casparian strip outer covering of stems
Lesson 23.3 • Workbook B • Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
367