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02 M. L. CAREY idea to consider harvesting the stump and root fraction, machines have been developed in a number of countries in recent years which are capable of extracting large tree stumps and roots on both peat and mineral soils (Anonymous, 1977). Such excavation is likely to cause considerable disturbance of the soil which could have either good or bad effects depending on the nature of the site. For instance, it could result in a loosening up of the profile on compacted mineral soils thus reducing the need for other forms of cultivation at the start of the second rotation. However, on sloped areas the practice could result in serious soil erosion. On deep peat soils the removal of stumps and roots, although a far easier mechanical exercise than on mineral soils, would appear undesirable in that it would fracture the soil surface and thereby reduce considerably the bearing pressure. It could also result in serious drainage problems depending on the extent to which the watertable rises after clearfelling. However the fact is that the stump and root system contain a sizeable amount of material which in Swedish studies has been shown to closely resemble the fibre characteristics of the stemwood (Anonymous, 1977). CONCLUSIONS Conventional systems of harvesting forest crops are wasteful in that only a relatively small amount of the standing crop can be utilised. In this study the figure was 62% at 50 years of age. Because of the concentration of nutrients in the needles, the removal of the slash component, representing a further 20% of total production, would increase the nutrient drain considerably. The extra drain would however appear to be relatively small when compared with the remaining nutrient stores on a number of sites and the cost of replacement, should it be necessary, would not appear prohibitive. However, on soils low in organic matter, such as those derived from Old Red sandstone, the practice would be most undesirable. It should be borne in mind that the data presented here refer to one particular crop only and considerable reservation must be attached to their extrapolation to other crops of different ages growing on different site types. Furthermore, tree growth is affected by other elements besides N. P and K and it may well be that the practice of whole tree harvesting could result in the supply of one or more of these becoming exhausted. What is certain is that as the gap between supply and demand for forest products widens on a world scale man will increasingly turn to forest residues as a basic raw material. Whether the slash and/or stumps are used for energy production, or the production of particleboard, or to manufacture animal foods - as is being researched in the Soviet Union (Anonymous 1977) - is not directly the concern of the forest
WHOLE TREE HARVESTING 63 manager. However, he does need to know what the production capability of his forest is and what the consequences may be of implementing more intensive tree harvesting systems. The data presented provide at least a base for more enlightened discussion. A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS The organisation of the field work was carried out by Mr. W. B. Luddy and the chemical analyse ~ by Mr. A . Fitzgerald. Mr. D . O'Brien, Mr. H. Phillips and Mr. P. Dodd assisted in the computation of the data. REFERENCES ANONYMOUS, 1977. Project Whole Tree Utilisation. Final Summary Report. Joint Committee of the Forest Industries, Villagatan 1 Stockholm. 20 pp. e AREY, M. L. and O'BRIEN, D. 1979. Biomass, nutrient content and distribution in a stand of Sitka spruce. Irish Forestry 36(1).25-35. CAREY, M. L. and FARRELL, E . P. 1978. Production , accumulation and nutrient content of Sitka spruce litterfall. Irish Forestry 35(1). 35-44. HAMILTON, G . J. and CHRISTIE, J. M. 1971. Forest Management Tables. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 34. H.M.S.O. London. 201 pp. KEA YS , J. L. and HATTON, J. V. 1976. The implication offull-forest utilisation on worldwide supplies of wood by 2000 . World Wood, 17(1). 12-15 . LEAF, A. L. 1979. Editor, Proceedings: Impact of Intensive Harvesting on Forest Nutrient Cycling. College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York. 421 pp. MADGWICK, H . A. I., JACKSON, D. S., and KNIGHT, P. 1. 1977. Aboveground dry matter, energy and nutrient content oftrees in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. N.Z . 1. For. Sci . 7(3). 445-468. McCARTHY, R. 1979. The energy potential of forest biomass in Ireland. Irish Forestry 36(1).7-18. YOUNG, H . E. 1974. The machines are coming, the machines are coming. In: Economics and harvesting of thinnings. Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Vol. 37. Ro. 1. 1980 IRISH FORESTRY
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WICKWOOD TIMBER PRODUCTS Manufactur
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Poulan Chain Saws From the fastest
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Commonwealth Forestry Bureau , FORE
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Your friend for life ~ Bank 1F1reia
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IRISH FOREST PRODUCTS LTD. 28 Upper
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PORTLAOISE SAWMILLS MIDLAND FORESTR
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Council of the Society of Irish For
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The Society of Irish Foresters The
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Page 40 and 41: 22 J. O'DRISCOLL Forbes, A. C. 1928
Page 42 and 43: JOHN J. GARDINER In this context it
Page 44 and 45: 26 JOHN J. GARDINER 80 % 60 - --- P
Page 46 and 47: JOHN J. GARDINER profit in its twel
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Page 50 and 51: 32 P. McCUSKER the audience is enha
Page 52 and 53: 34 P. McCUSKER you can introduce hu
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Page 56 and 57: 38 E. P. FARRELL growing stock was
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Page 70 and 71: Table 2 Diameter Breast Height, Bas
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Page 74 and 75: Table 4 Chemical Analyses Used in N
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Page 82 and 83: 64 Notes and News The Increasing De
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Page 86 and 87: 6X Letters Dear Sir, A recent meeti
Page 88 and 89: 70 Book Reviews IRISH FORESTRY POLI
Page 90 and 91: 72 BOOK REVIEWS Water by Dr Drew. i
Page 92 and 93: 74 Society Activities ANNUAL GENERA
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