Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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234 Threatened Amphibians of the World VU Mannophryne trinitatis (Garman, 1887) Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Karl-Heinz Jungfer Geographic Range This species is present in the Northern and Central Ranges of the island of Trinidad, in Trinidad and Tobago. In Venezuela, populations are present in Península de Paria (Sucre state), Serranía del Turimiquire (Sucre- Monagas states), and Serranía del interior, Miranda, Guarico, and Anzoatigui states. In Venezuela the species occurs between 40 and 1,525m asl, and on Trinidad it can be found from montane areas down to sea level. YELLOW-THROATED FROG Population In Venezuela, it is considered to be common, while on Trinidad it is considered to be very common with generally stable populations. Habitat and Ecology Adults are found along densely shaded, narrow, shallow, slow-fl owing, clear water streams in undisturbed montane and moist forests, where they engage in elaborate courtship and defensive behaviours. A terrestrial species, it lays its eggs in leaf-litter and on rocks near streams and the adults carry the tadpoles on their backs to the deeper stream pools. The populations in Tamana caves in central Trinidad are known to use the cave ponds for their tadpoles. Tadpoles in other populations have also been found in still temporary pools far from streams. The exact deposition site appears to be dependent on the presence of predators, with adults migrating significant distances in search of predator free pools. These animals depend on the insects that eat bat guano for food. Major Threats In Venezuela, the species is threatened by habitat degradation and destruction resulting from small-scale agriculture. On Trinidad, it is locally threatened by domestic, agricultural, and some industrial water pollution. On the southern slopes of the Northern Range in Trinidad, deforestation has resulted in fragmentation of the species’ habitat. Conservation Measures A number of protected areas are present within the range of this species. In Venezuela, it is known to occur in the Parque Nacional Peninsula de Paria and Parque Nacional el Guacharo. Notes on taxonomy: This form is probably a complex of more than one species. The populations in Venezuela almost certainly belong to a different, undescribed, species (J. Manzanilla pers. comm.). Bibliography: Alemán, C. (1952), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Edwards, S.R. (1974b), Frost, D.R. (1985), Jowers, M.J. and Downie, J.R. (2004), Kenny, J.S. (1969), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1997), Manzanilla, J., García- París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Mole, R.R. and Urich, F.W. (1894), Murphy, J.C. (1997), Parker, H.W. (1933a) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla, Jerry Hardy EN Mannophryne yustizi (La Marca, 1989) Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known mainly from Yacambú and Terepaima National Parks in Lara State, Venezuela. It has been recorded from 1,200-1,800m asl. Population It is a common species and there is currently no evidence of any decline. Healthy populations were found in April 2003 in Parque Nacional Yacambú. Habitat and Ecology It occurs along streams and on the forest floor of montane moist and cloud forests. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they hatch, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats In some parts of the range, populations are affected by the extensive clearing of land for coffee plantations (and specifi cally by the agro-chemicals associated with the plantations). Conservation Measures Although it is protected in two Venezuelan Andean national parks (Yacambú and Terepaima National Parks), some populations (in Cubiro and Guarico) live outside protected areas. Expanded protection of the montane forest within the species’ range is recommended. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1989), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Yustiz, E. (1996) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez, Jesús Manzanilla EN Nephelobates alboguttatus (Boulenger, 1903) Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known from the Andes of Mérida State, Venezuela, from 1,600-3,090m asl. Population It is a rare species and has been in decline in recent years. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in clear, fast-flowing streams in Andean cloud forests. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats Some of the original environments occupied by this frog in the vicinities of the city of Mérida, in the Cordillera de Mérida, have been drastically changed by human activities, particularly due to agricultural expansion, for both crops and livestock. Much of the remaining habitat is severely fragmented. Introduced trout prey on the larvae of this species. However, this species is also declining in undisturbed habitats, which suggests an additional threat, possibly disease (such as chytridiomycosis). Conservation Measures Some populations are protected within national parks (Sierra Nevada and Sierra de la Culata). However, the existing protected areas network requires expansion to ensure the protection of suitable cloud forest habitats for this species. Further research is required to establish the reasons for the species’ decline in apparently suitable habitat, and to determine whether chytrid poses a threat. Notes on taxonomy: Colostethus infl exus was synonymized with this species by Frost (1985), but was revived in Myers, Paolillo and Daly (1991) and La Marca (1997). Although officially still in the synonymy of Nephelobates alboguttatus, C. infl exus might prove to be a distinct species. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1984), La Marca, E. (1985b), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Lutz, A. (1927), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Piñero, J. and Durant, P. (1993), Piñero, J. and La Marca, E. (1996), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez EN Nephelobates duranti (Pefaur, 1985) Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is only known from the type locality and the vicinity: Páramo de la Culata, in the district of Libertador, in the state of Mérida, Venezuela, at 2,600-3,000m asl. Population It is an uncommon species. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits clear, fast-flowing streams in Andean cloud forests and sub-páramo shrubland. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats Livestock farming is a major threat to the species’ habitat, which is now severely fragmented. Introduced trout also prey on the larvae of this species. Conservation Measures A population probably occurs within Parque Nacional Sierra de La Culata. Continued and strengthened management of this area, and expansion of the existing protected areas network to include other tracts of montane forest habitat, are necessary. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Diaz, A., Péfaur, J. and Durant, P. (1997), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and La Marca, E. (1997b), Péfaur, J.E. (1985), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 235 EN Nephelobates haydeeae (Rivero, 1976) Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from the Venezuelan Andean states of western Mérida and eastern Táchira. It has been recorded between 1,825 and 2,670m asl. Population It is an uncommon species and is in decline. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in clear, fast-fl owing streams in Andean cloud forests, and in the puddles alongside the streams, and is sometimes hidden inside introduced “kikuyo” pasture grasses (Pennisetum clandestinum). The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats Most of the species’ original habitat has now been lost to agricultural activities (involving livestock and crops), and the remaining habitat is severely fragmented. Conservation Measures The species’ range may be partially within Parque Nacional Los Paramos. Continued and strengthened management of this area, and expansion of the existing protected areas network to include other tracts of montane forest habitat in the Venezuelan Andes, are necessary. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and La Marca, E. (1997b), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1976), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez EN Nephelobates mayorgai (Rivero, 1978) Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known from several localities within Mérida State, on the road from Mérida to La Azulita, in Venezuela, at elevations of 1,700-2,400m asl. Population It is a locally common species. Habitat and Ecology It is found along mountain streams in cloud forests. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats The main threats are agriculture, involving both crops and livestock, as well as agricultural water pollution. The introduced bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) also poses a threat. Conservation Measures The range of this species does not include any protected areas; protection of remaining tracts of forest habitat in the Venezuelan Andes is necessary. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Mijares- Urrutia, A. and La Marca, E. (1997a), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1978), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez CR Nephelobates meridensis (Dole and Durant, 1972) Critically Endangered B2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known from the type locality, Chorotal, 15km south-east of la Azulita, and the nearby vicinity, in Mérida State, Venezuela, between 1,880 and 2,400m asl. Population It is an uncommon species. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits streams in cloud forest. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs; when they hatch, the male carries the larvae on his back to the water where they develop further. Major Threats The primary threats to this species are habitat loss due to agriculture (crops and livestock) and agricultural pollution. The invasive bullfrog Rana catesbeiana is also a threat. Conservation Measures The range of this species does not include any protected areas, and there is an urgent need to ensure that the remaining habitat at the type locality is maintained. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Dole, J. and Durant, P. (1972), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and La Marca, E. (1997a), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez EN Nephelobates molinarii (La Marca, 1985) Endangered B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is only known from a single zone near Bailadores, in Mérida State, Venezuela, at an altitude of 1,800-2,600m asl. Population It is an uncommon species. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits dry evergreen montane forest, where it lives along slow-flowing streams. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When they are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats Habitat destruction and degradation, caused primarily by intensive agriculture, has reduced the area of occupancy of this species to less than 10km². Conservation Measures Its range does not include any protected areas, although it is possible that it might occur in Parque Nacional Paramos El Batallon y La Negra. Continued and strengthened management of this area, and expansion of the existing protected areas network to include other montane forest habitat in the Venezuelan Andes, are necessary. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1985a), La Marca, E. (1985b), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994a), La Marca, E. (1997), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1988) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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