Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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232 Threatened Amphibians of the World EN Epipedobates tricolor (Boulenger, 1899) Endangered B1ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing CITES: Appendix II © Wouter Beukema Geographic Range This species is known only from seven localities on the Andean slopes of the Bolívar Province in central Ecuador, where it occurs at elevations of approximately 1,000-1,769m asl. Population It appears to have been declining in the northern portion of its range in Ecuador, where some populations have disappeared. Habitat and Ecology It lives in montane forest near streams. Eggs are laid in the leaf-litter, and the males carry the larvae to running and standing water for development. It is not known if this species can adapt to habitat modifi cation. Major Threats The major threat is agrochemical pollution of waterways, and habitat loss due to smallholder farming activities. It is also collected for medicinal use in Ecuador. Some of the declines appear to have taken place in suitable habitat, so chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out as a possible threat. Conservation Measures It is not known with certainty if this species occurs in any protected areas, and expanded protection of the remaining montane forest within the range of the species’ is recommended. The possible impact of overharvesting for medicinal use, and commercial trade in wild specimens, requires further investigation. Notes on taxonomy: This species and Epipedobates anthonyi were recently separated by Schulte (1999). We follow Graham et al. (2004) in restricting the distribution of E. tricolor to central Ecuador. Bibliography: Boulenger, G.A. (1899), Graham, C.H. et al. (2004), Schulte, R. (1999), Silverstone, P.A. (1976) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma CR Mannophryne caquetio Mijares-Urrutia and Arends, 1999 Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from the type locality, stated to be “toma de agua de Mapararí” in the municipality of Federación, in Sierra de Churuguara, in the state of Falcón, Venezuela (approx. 10.47N, 69.25W), where it has been recorded around 800m asl. An additional population in Parque Nacional Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro was found in May 2002 (J. Manzanilla pers. comm.). Population There has been an observed decline in the population of this species. However, in May 2002, specimens were collected at the type locality and a new population was also found in Parque Nacional Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro. Habitat and Ecology It is a terrestrial, diurnal frog found in deciduous lower montane tropophilous forests. The larvae are presumably carried on the backs of the males to streams, as with other members of the genus. Major Threats Habitat loss and degradation, due primarily to agriculture (crops and livestock), and general disturbance by humans, is the main threat. Water extraction is a threat at the type locality. Pollution and/or parasites might be causing what appear to be problems in the development or incomplete development of the limbs. It is potentially at risk from chytridiomycosis. Conservation Measures It occurs in the Parque Nacional Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro. Survey work is necessary to determine the population status and trends of this species. Captive breeding might be required if the risk of chytridiomycosis proves real. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and Arends, A. (1999b) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla, Abraham Mijares EN Mannophryne collaris (Boulenger, 1912) Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known from the Andes in the state of Mérida, in Venezuela. It occurs from 200-1,800m asl. Population It is a locally abundant species, but appears to be in decline in some parts of its range. La Marca (1995a) noted population declines in this species in several localities in the Andes of Venezuela. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits seasonal (semi-deciduous) montane forests. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When hatched the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats The main threat to the species is habitat destruction and alteration, due primarily to agriculture (for both crops and livestock), infrastructure development for human settlement in the vicinity of the city of Merida, and tourism development. In addition, pollution may also be contributing to the observed declines. Conservation Measures Its range does not include any protected areas, and expanded protection of the remaining montane forest within the range of the species is recommended. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2001), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Barrio, C.L. and Fuentes, O. (1999), Dole, J. (1974), Durant, P. and Dole, J. (1975), Frost, D.R. (1985), Gines, H. (1959), Gottberg, C., Ramoni, P. and Praderio, M.J. (2002), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Lutz, A. (1927), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez, Jesús Manzanilla VU Mannophryne cordilleriana La Marca, 1994 Vulnerable D2 Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Stable Geographic Range This species is known from a few localities in the vicinity of Santo Domingo, in the state of Mérida, in the Venezuelan Andes. It has been recorded from 1,300-1,950m asl. Population It is a common species. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits montane humid forest. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When the eggs are hatched, the male carries the larvae on his back to the streams where they develop further. It seems to be quite tolerant of habitat disturbance, and is sometimes found in very polluted streams (but see Major Threats). Major Threats Its habitat is impacted by agriculture, wood collection, and human settlement, although this does not seem to be having an immediate impact on the species. It is potentially at risk from chytridiomycosis (since the species has been proven to carry this fungus, though it does not appear to show any symptoms of the disease). In May 2004, some specimens with malformations (polymelia, amelia) were found at the type locality (J. Manzanilla and E. La Marca pers. comm.) where signifi cant pollution of the stream was also observed. Conservation Measures Its range does not include any protected areas. Improved habitat protection is required at sites where this species is known to occur. There is also a need for close population monitoring, particularly given its small range and the potential risk of chytridiomycosis. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. (1997), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez, Jesús Manzanilla
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 233 CR Mannophryne lamarcai Mijares-Urrutia, 1999 Critically Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is restricted to the Cerro Socopó in the municipality of Mauroa, in the state of Falcón, Venezuela, at 600- 1,250m asl. It might occur more widely than is currently known. Population It is a rare species that is probably declining rapidly because of habitat loss. It was last collected in 2004. Habitat and Ecology It is a diurnal species that has been found living among grasses in a small marsh along an unpaved road, and in calm parts of a small stream. Males have been observed calling from river margins. The larvae are presumably carried on the backs of the males to streams where they develop further, as with other members of the genus. Major Threats The area around the site of its description was formerly cloud forest, but the forest was cleared to establish pasturelands for cattle farming. Climate change, acid rain, and pollution are also threats. It is potentially at risk from chytridiomycosis. Conservation Measures The range of this species does not include any protected areas, and its remaining habitat is in urgent need of protection. This species requires close monitoring, particularly given the potential threat of chytridiomycosis. Notes on taxonomy: This frog was tentativelly assigned to Mannophryne herminae, but its taxonomic status needs further research (La Marca 1999). Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1994e), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and Arends, A. (1999a), Mijares-Urrutia, A. and Arends, A. (1999b) Data Providers: Abraham Mijares, Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla CR Mannophryne neblina (Test, 1956) Critically Endangered B1ab(v)+2ab(v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known only from the type locality and the nearby vicinity, at elevations between 900 and 1,100m asl, in Paso Portachuelo, near Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande, Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Aragua State, Venezuela. Population It has not been recorded since its discovery 50 years ago, and so it might have declined and possibly even disappeared. In the last 10 years, searches for the species have been unsuccessful. This is one of the largest species of the genus, occurring in one of the best-studied places in Venezuela, and so it is of great concern that no further populations or specimens of this frog have been discovered. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits cloud forest. Breeding habits are unknown, although it probably lays eggs on the forest fl oor and adults carry tadpoles to the stream where they develop further, like other species of the genus. Major Threats Threats to this species are unknown, but chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out as a threat. Conservation Measures The range of this species includes Parque Nacional Henri Pittier. Additional surveys are required to establish whether or not this species is still extant, particularly since there is still suitable habitat in its natural range. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Edwards, S.R. (1974b), Gines, H. (1959), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. and Lötters, S. (1997), Manzanilla, J. et al. (1995), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Test, F.H. (1956), Test, F.H., Sexton, O.J. and Heatwole, H. (1966) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla CR Mannophryne olmonae (Hardy, 1983) BLOODY BAY POISON FROG Critically Endangered A2ae; B1ab(v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Ryan P. Mannette Geographic Range This species is restricted to the upland areas of north-eastern Tobago Island and Little Tobago Island, Trinidad and Tobago. It is found at elevations of between 120 and 360m asl. Population Populations of this species have declined signifi cantly over the last 10 years, prior to which it was thought to be relatively abundant. Habitat and Ecology This is a tropical forest species. Males of this species call from rocks in streams during the daytime. The eggs are laid on land; hatching tadpoles (11-19 in number) are carried to streams by the male where they complete their development. It is not thought to occur in degraded habitat. Major Threats The causes of the current decline in this species are unknown. Areas of suitable habitat remain and there are no known human impacts on the species. It is possible that the species might have been impacted by chytridiomycosis, though this has not been proven. Conservation Measures The rainforest in which this species occurs in Tobago is protected in Little Tobago Wildlife Sanctuary. Survey work is required to monitor the population status and trends of this species, and research into the causes of the decline of this species is needed; a captive breeding programme might need to be established if the threat of chytridiomycosis proves real. Bibliography: Hardy, Jr, J.D. (1982), Hardy, Jr, J.D. (1983), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Mertens, R. (1970a), Mertens, R. (1972), Murphy, J.C. (1997) Data Providers: Jerry Hardy EN Mannophryne riveroi (Donoso-Barros, 1964) Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing © César Luis Barrio-Amorós / Fundación AndígenA Geographic Range This species is known from Cerro Azul, Macuro, and Cerro El Humo, 10km north of Macuro, in Península de Paria, Sucre State, Venezuela. It has been recorded from 400-1,000m asl. Population The population status of this species is not known, although specimens were collected in Parque Nacional Peninsula de Paria as recently as May 2004. Habitat and Ecology It lives along streams in lowland humid forest up to cloud forest habitat. A clutch of eggs is deposited in the leaf-litter of the forest floor, and then after hatching the larvae are carried to water where they develop further. Major Threats The major threat is habitat loss due to selective logging and small-scale agriculture. Chytridiomycosis represents a potential future threat. Conservation Measures Although most of the range of this species is within a protected area (Parque Nacional Peninsula de Paria), this reserve is under pressure of deforestation (by the local people). Strengthened management and protection of this site is necessary to safeguard this species. Bibliography: Ayarzaguena, J. and Señaris, J.C. (1993), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Donoso-Barros, R. (1964), Edwards, S.R. (1974b), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1994e), La Marca, E. (1995a), La Marca, E. (1995b), Manzanilla, J., García-París, M. and La Marca, E. (2002), Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. and García-París, M. (2003), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991), Rivero, J.A. (1988) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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