Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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222 Threatened Amphibians of the World CR Colostethus delatorreae Coloma, 1995 Critically Endangered B2ab(iii,iv,v) C2a(ii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Mario Humberto Yánez-Muñoz Geographic Range This species is known only from three nearby localities at elevations of 2,340-2,700m on the western slopes of the Andes in Carchi Province, in extreme north-western Ecuador. Population It is locally uncommon. Fifty calling males were recorded in 2003 in Moran, Carchi Province. However, it appears to have disappeared at all other localities. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in wetlands and bogs, and in areas of cattle ranching surrounded by forest remnants. It lays its eggs on the ground, and the males carry the tadpoles to water where they develop further. Major Threats Habitat destruction and degradation is a significant threat to this species, due mainly to agriculture (including livestock ranching) and logging. It is possible that this species has been impacted by chytridiomycosis, which has been confi rmed in other frog species within its range. Conservation Measures The species is not known to occur in any protected areas, and there is a need for urgent habitat protection at sites at which it is known to survive. Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Mario Yánez-Muñoz CR Colostethus dunni (Rivero, 1961) Critically Endangered A2ace Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from the central part of the Venezuelan Coastal Range, in the vicinity of Caracas, from around 800 to at least 1,520m asl. Its presence has been suggested, but not confirmed, in Quebrada de Caurimare, Miranda State, also in the vicinity of Caracas. Population This species was once considered one of the more common species of the Caracas Valley; however, comprehensive surveys in 1992-1993 and, more recently, in 2004 have failed to find any populations in these areas. It is not known when exactly the decline began, but the decline of Atelopus cruciger, another formerly common frog from the same region, has been documented. It is possible that Colostethus dunni has experienced a similar decline. There are no known extant populations in the wild at present, even in suitable habitat. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits seasonal montane forests. Its breeding habits are unknown, although the larvae are likely to develop in water, like other species of the genus. Major Threats The major threats to the species include habitat loss due to urban development and fires, and pollution. The cause(s) of the recent dramatic decline have not been established, but it is charecteristic of declines seen in other species impacted by chytridiomycosis. Conservation Measures Some populations might be protected in Parque Nacional El Avila, near Caracas. Research into the cause(s) of the population decline is urgently needed, as are surveys to determine the current status of populations. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Barrio, C. (1998), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1997), La Marca, E. (2004), Rivero, J.A. (1961) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla, Celsa Señaris CR Colostethus edwardsi Lynch, 1982 Critically Endangered A2ac; B1ab(iii,iv,v)+ 2ab(iii,iv,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Colombia Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from two localities in the Cordillera Oriental, La Cueva de las Moyas and the Páramo de Cruz Verde, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia, between 3,030 and 3,300m asl. Population It was last seen in 1996. Three visits to the type locality have failed to turn up this species, and it is likely that it has declined severely due to complete habitat alteration. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in streams within caves and crevices. Breeding and larval development takes place in streams. Major Threats It is threatened by habitat loss due to conversion to timber forestry and water pollution caused by urban runoff. Conservation Measures The species is not known to occur in any protected areas. Surveys are needed to determine the current population status of the species. Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. (1982b), Rivero, J.A. (1988), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Jose Vicente Rueda © John D. Lynch EN Colostethus elachyhistus Edwards, 1971 Endangered A2ac; B2ab(iii,iv,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador, Peru Current Population Trend: Decreasing © John D. Lynch Geographic Range This species occurs on the western slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador, at elevations of 850-2,760m asl. It also occurs on the Pacific and Amazonian slopes of the Andes in the Huancabamba depression, Piura Department, northern Peru, at 600-1,800m asl. Population It is an uncommon species. In Ecuador, populations from Loja and nearby localities at the higher altitudes of its range seem to be extinct, but lowland populations are still extant with records as recently as 2003. Habitat and Ecology It lives in dry and humid lowland and premontane forest, and occurs near streams, especially in dry forests. The larvae presumably develop in streams. Major Threats The cause of the declines at high elevations, which have taken place even in suitable habitat, could be due to chytridiomycosis. Habitat destruction and degradation, in particular due to agricultural activities, is also a threat to this species, and the species may also be impacted by invasive alien species and pollution. Conservation Measures It does not occur in any protected areas, and some form of formal habitat protection is urgently needed. Further survey work is needed to determine whether any animals survive around Loja and other nearby localities. Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995), Duellman, W.E. and Wild, E.R. (1993), Edwards, S.R. (1971), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993) Data Providers: Javier Icochea, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 223 VU Colostethus humilis Rivero, 1978 Vulnerable D2 Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Stable Geographic Range This species is known from the type locality, in the vicinity of the town of Boconó, in Trujillo State, Venezuela, at an altitude of 1,470m asl, and from a recently discovered population found inside the Parque Nacional Guaramacal, also close to Boconó. It is also now known from the states of Barinas and Portugues. It has been recorded from 600-1,800m asl. Population It is locally common. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in seasonal montane forest, and cloud forests. It is associated with temporary ponds, where the larvae presumably develop, but exact reproductive habits are unknown. It is probably able to tolerate minor habitat disturbance. Major Threats Human settlement, and associated infrastructure development, is a threat to some populations. The lagoon at the type locality has already disappeared. It might also be affected by drought. Conservation Measures One population is within Parque Nacional Guaramacal (at the limit of the range). Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Barrio-Amorós, C.L. and Garcia-Porta, J. (2003), García-Pérez, J.E. (1999), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E., Vences, M. and Lötters, S. (2002), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Rivero, J.A. (1978), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez, César Luis Barrio Amorós CR Colostethus jacobuspetersi Rivero, 1991 Critically Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas Geographic Range This species was known from the inter-Andean valleys of Guayllabamba, Toachi, Chimbo, and Cañar, and on the western slopes of the Andes in northern and central Ecuador, where it occupied areas between 1,500 and 3,800m and was known from more than ten localities. Population There are no records of this species since the 1960s. Bustamante (2002) provides data of its absence at Bosque Protector Cashca Totoras (Provincia Bolívar), where it used to be a common frog. It is possible that undetected relict populations might still survive. Habitat and Ecology It lives in mid- to high-elevation humid montane forest (Coloma 1995). It lays its eggs on the ground, and males carry the eggs to small streams for development. Major Threats The primary threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation due to agriculture, clear cutting, and human settlement; virtually no habitat remains where this species used to occur. Invasive alien species are also a threat. Conservation Measures The distribution range of the species overlaps Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas, Reserva Geobotánica Pululahua, and Reserva de Producción Faunística Chimborazo. Surveys are urgently required to determine the population status and continued persistence of this species. Bibliography: Bustamante, M. R. (2002), Coloma, L.A. (1995), Rivero, J.A. (1991) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron CR Colostethus juanii Morales, 1994 Critically Endangered B2ab(i,iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Colombia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © John D. Lynch Geographic Range This species is known only from the area of the type locality, Villavicencio, in the foothills of the Orinoco region, Meta Department, Colombia, at 580m asl, where it occurs in a single botanical garden surrounded by a substantial urban area. Population It is scarcely distributed in its tiny area of occupancy. There are few specimens known, and it was last seen in 2002. Searches in outlying areas have not turned up any individuals. Habitat and Ecology It is known from small patches of forest and from a botanical garden; it has not been found in larger tracts of forest in nearby areas. It is a terrestrial and diurnal species, and it lays its eggs in the leaf-litter. The males probably take care of the eggs and then move the larvae to small streams for development. Major Threats Habitat fragmentation and destruction caused by the expansion of human settlement, and water pollution, are the pimary threats to this species. Conservation Measures This species is not recorded from any protected areas, and there is an urgent need for protection of its remaining habitat. Further survey work is needed to determine the current population status of this species. Bibliography: Morales, V.R. (1994) Data Providers: Andrés Acosta-Galvis, Jose Vicente Rueda EN Colostethus kingsburyi (Boulenger, 1918) Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas Geographic Range This species is known from a narrow altitudinal zone (1,140-1,300m asl) on the eastern slopes of the Andes in the vicinity of Volcán Reventador and in the Río Pastaza trench, in Napo, Orellana and Pastaza Provinces, Ecuador. Population It was formally abundant, at least judging by the large numbers of specimens in museums, but there is little recent information. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in premontane forest, where the annual mean precipitation is 2,000-4,000mm and the annual mean temperature is 18-24°C. Reproduction probably occurs by the females laying the eggs on the ground, with the males taking the larvae to streams for their development. Major Threats Habitat destruction and degradation, mainly due to agricultural expansion (involving crops, plantations and livestock) and logging, is the main threat to this species. Its narrow altitudinal range might leave it vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Conservation Measures Its distribution range overlaps with several protected areas, including Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Llanganatis, the Reserva Ecológica Antisana, and the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca. This species is in need of close population monitoring. Notes on taxonomy: Molecular data suggest that Colostethus kingsburyi is a species complex (L.A. Coloma pers. comm.). Bibliography: Andersson, L.G. (1945), Boulenger, G.A. (1918), Coloma, L.A. (1995), Edwards, S.R. (1974b), Edwards, S.R. (1985) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Manuel Morales
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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