Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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220 Threatened Amphibians of the World EN Hyalinobatrachium pallidum (Rivero, 1985) Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Centrolenidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from Guacharaquita, in the state of Táchira, in the Venezuelan Andes at 1,768m asl, and from Mundo Nuevo, in the state of Cojedes, at 396m asl. Population It is not a common species. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in evergreen dry forest in the Andes, and humid forests in the southern central part of the Venezuelan coastal mountain tange. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves in humid forest near streams, into which the larvae then fall to complete their development. Major Threats The habitat of the Andean populations has suffered from intensive exploitation and degradation in the past, and these populations are now almost extirpated. Conservation Measures The range of this species does not include any protected areas. Surveys are needed to determine the current population status of the Andean population. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Duellman, W.E. (1999), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1997), Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1990), Myers, C.W. and Donnelly, M.A. (1997), Rivero, J.A. (1985), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Jesús Manzanilla EN Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum (Lynch and Duellman, 1973) Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Centrolenidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas Geographic Range This species is known from three localities: Río Azuela, Río Reventador and Río Salado, all in Napo Province on the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, at 1,740m asl. Population It was last recorded in 1979, when fi ve specimens were collected from one site. The Río Azuela site has been revisited several times without locating any individuals. Habitat and Ecology It lives in cloud forest. The holotype was found on the leaf of a herb over a small stream at night (Lynch and Duellman 1973). Reproduction is presumed to occur via eggs laid on vegetation, with the larvae developing in streams. Major Threats Habitat destruction and degradation is the main threat to this species, primarily due to smallholder farming and logging. At this stage it is not clear whether or not this species might have declined within pristine habitats. Conservation Measures It is not known to occur in any protected areas, and protection of remaining cloud forest habitats is sorely needed. Further survey work is necessary to determine the current population status of this species. Bibliography: Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1973), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia VU Hyalinobatrachium revocatum (Rivero, 1985) Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Centrolenidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from the southern slopes of the central part of Cordillera de la Costa, and Serranía del Interior, in the Venezuelan coastal range, at elevations between 1,200 and 1,800m asl. Population It is a common frog in undisturbed habitats. Habitat and Ecology It occurs along streams, and is usually found on overhanging vegetation up to 2m above the stream. The eggs are laid on the upper and under sides of leaves, and when hatched the larvae fall into the stream below where they develop further. Major Threats The major threat is habitat loss, due to agriculture (both crops and livestock), logging, and infrastructure development for human settlement. Agricultural pollution is also having an impact on populations. Conservation Measures Some populations lie within the El Avila, Macarao and Henri Pittier and Rancho Grande National Parks. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Duellman, W.E. (1993), La Marca, E. (1997), Rivero, J.A. (1961), Rivero, J.A. (1968a), Rivero, J.A. (1985), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Lynch, J.D. (1991a) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Celsa Señaris DENDROBATIDAE CR Aromobates nocturnus Myers, Paolillo and Daly, 1991 SKUNK FROG Critically Endangered A2a; B2ab(v) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known only from the type locality: about 2km ESE by air from Agua de Obispo, in the state of Trujillo, Venezuela, at 2,250m asl (9.42’N, 70.05’W). Population It is a very rare species that appears to have declined. Several attempts to find it in recent years have failed, and it is still known only from the time it was first described. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in small cold-water streams in cloud forest. The eggs are laid on land and the male protects the eggs. When hatched the male carries the larvae on his back to water where they develop further. Major Threats Habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture (both crops and livestock) and road construction, is the major threat to the species. The locality is near the headwaters of a stream and thus could have been affected by a drought in the past. The species could also potentially be affected by disease, such as chytridiomycosis. Conservation Measures There is a population within the Parque Nacional Dinira. Surveys are urgently needed to determine the population status of this species. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2001), Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1996b), Myers, C.W., Paolillo, A. and Daly, J.W. (1991) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 221 CR Colostethus anthracinus Edwards, 1971 Critically Endangered A2ac Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species occurs in a narrow altitudinal zone (2,710-3,500m asl) on the Cordillera Oriental (Cordillera Real or Central), and the Mazán River in southern Ecuador. There are records from six localities. Population The most recent record of this species is from December 1991. An extensive search in Mazán in 1995 (where the species was abundant in 1986) turned up no individuals. It appears to have undergone a serious decline. Habitat and Ecology It lives in páramo, very humid montane forest, and lower humid montane forest (Coloma 1995). Reproduction probably occurs by the females laying eggs on the ground, and the males bringing the tadpoles to streams for development. Major Threats The primary threat to this species is habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture, and logging. The possible disappearance of the species could be related to chytridiomycosis. Conservation Measures The range of this species overlaps Parque Nacional Cajas and its southern limit is adjacent to the northern limit of Parque Nacional Podocarpus. Surveys are urgently needed to establish the population status of this species. Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995), Edwards, S.R. (1971) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Taran Grant, Manuel Morales VU Colostethus awa Coloma, 1995 Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade Geographic Range This species is known from the western Andean slopes and in the western Pacific lowlands of north-western Ecuador. It occurs from 265-1,220m asl. Population It is not uncommon. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits humid sub-montane tropical forest, and lays its eggs outside water on leaf-litter or low vegetation. The adults then carry the tadpoles on their back to nearby streams where they develop further. Major Threats The major threats are habitat loss due to agriculture (both crops and livestock) and logging, and agricultural pollution. Conservation Measures Its range overlaps Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, and slightly overlaps Reserva Ecológica Mache-Chindul and Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas. Bibliography: Coloma, L.A. (1995), Morales, M. et al. (2002), Parker III, T.A. and Carr, J.L. (1992) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Ana Almandáriz EN Colostethus cevallosi Rivero, 1991 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Morley Read Geographic Range This species is known from the eastern side of the Andes, in Ecuador, in two general areas: four localities between 480 and 970m asl in Pastaza Province in central Ecuador, and Centro Shuar Yawi, at 920-1,040m asl, in Zamora Chinchipe Province in south-eastern Ecuador. Records from Peru require confi rmation. Population It was discovered in Zamora Chinchipe Province in 2003. However, surveys in Pastaza Province have not turned up any additional records of this species since it was first discovered. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in eastern Cordillera Real montane forests and napo moist forests. The distribution lies mainly within very humid premontane forest and pluvial premontane forest. As with other members of the genus, it probably breeds on the ground, under rocks or in leaf-litter, and the larvae are carried by the parent to streams. Most members of this genus do not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance. Major Threats The main threat to the species is habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture, involving both crops and livestock, as well as logging and infrastructure development for human settlement. Conservation Measures It is not known to occur in any protected areas, and some form of formal habitat protection is urgently needed. Further survey work is necessary to determine the status of the the subpopulation in Pastaza Province. Bibliography: Almendariz, A. (1991), Coloma, L.A. (1995), Rivero, J.A. (1991) Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Diego Almeida, Fernando Nogales, Ana Almandáriz, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Santiago Ron VU Colostethus chalcopis Kaiser, Coloma and Gray, 1994 MARTINIQUE VOLCANO FROG Vulnerable D2 Order, Family: Anura, Dendrobatidae Country Distribution: Martinique Current Population Trend: Stable Geographic Range This species is found on the south-eastern slope of Montagne Pelee, Martinique, at 500m asl. Population It is relatively common in its tiny range. Habitat and Ecology It lives in grassy areas on lava flows. Eggs are laid on the ground in a nest under leaves and guarded by the adults, and presumably the adults transport the larvae to water, as with other members of the genus. Major Threats Although there are no current major threats to the species, its small range render it at severe risk of stochastic events, especially from volcanic eruptions. Conservation Measures It does not occur in any protected areas, and there is a need for improved protection of the Montagne Pelee. The species requires close population monitoring, given that it is restricted to a single location. Notes on taxonomy: It has been suggested that this species is not native to Martinique, but is synonymous with another species from South America (M. Breuil pers. comm.). Bibliography: Breuil, M. (2004), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Kaiser, H. and Altig, R. (1994), Kaiser, H. and Henderson, R.W. (1994), Kaiser, H., Coloma, L.A. and Gray, H.M. (1994), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Beatrice Ibéné, Michel Breuil, Robert Powell
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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