Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1
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<strong>Globally</strong> <strong>Threatened</strong> <strong>Amphibian</strong> <strong>Species</strong> 205<br />
EN Stephopaedes anotis (Boulenger, 1907)<br />
CHIRINDA TOAD<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)<br />
Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae<br />
Country Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe<br />
Current Population Trend: Decreasing<br />
© Richard Boycott<br />
Geographic Range This species is known only from the Chirinda Forest in eastern Zimbabwe and the Dombe Forest<br />
in adjacent Mozambique. In the Chirinda Forest it occurs at approximately 900-1,300m asl.<br />
Population It is apparently common in its small range.<br />
Habitat and Ecology It lives in the leaf-litter of evergreen forest, often hiding inside or beneath rotten logs. The<br />
eggs are laid in pockets of water between the buttress roots of Chrysophyllum gorungosanum trees, or in water-fi lled<br />
grooves on the trunks of fallen trees. It is not found outside forest.<br />
Major Threats Its forest habitat is threatened by agriculture, wood extraction, and human settlement.<br />
Conservation Measures It occurs in the Gungunyana Forest Reserve in Zimbabwe. The Chirinda Forest is administered<br />
by the Forestry Commission and is one of the best researched forests in Zimbabwe, but the area remains in<br />
need of strengthened protection.<br />
Bibliography: Channing, A. (1978), Channing, A. (1993), Channing, A. (2001), Poynton, J.C. (1964b), Poynton, J.C. and Broadley, D.G.<br />
(1988), Poynton, J.C. and Clarke, B.T. (1999), Tandy, M. and Keith, R. (1972), Taylor, P. (1973)<br />
Data Providers: John Poynton, Alan Channing<br />
EN Stephopaedes howelli Poynton and Clarke, 1999<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)<br />
Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae<br />
Country Distribution: Tanzania<br />
Current Population Trend: Decreasing<br />
© Alan Channing<br />
Geographic Range This species, which is endemic to Tanzania, is known only from the Mrora Forest on Mafia<br />
Island, and from the Jozani Forest on Zanzibar (and from an unmapped, unspecifi ed locality on the east of Zanzibar).<br />
All records are from close to sea level.<br />
Population It is probably an uncommon species.<br />
Habitat and Ecology It is terrestrial, occurring in lowland coastal forest. Some of its remaining habitat is degraded,<br />
and it seems to display some adaptability to living in such habitats. Its breeding behaviour is unknown, but it might<br />
breed in puddles in tree roots like Stephopaedes anotis.<br />
Major Threats Its habitat is being degraded rapidly on Mafia for agriculture, wood extraction, and human settlements.<br />
Conservation Measures It possibly occurs in the Mafia Marine Park, but this remains to be confirmed, and improved<br />
protection of remaining suitable habitat on Mafia is a priority. On Zanzibar, the Jozani Forest, the largest tract of forest<br />
remaining on the main island, has recently had its protection status upgraded to that of a national park.<br />
Bibliography: Howell, K.M. (1993), Poynton, J.C. (1998), Poynton, J.C. (2003b), Poynton, J.C. and Clarke, B.T. (1999)<br />
Data Providers: John Poynton, Kim Howell<br />
EN Stephopaedes usambarae Poynton and Clarke, 1999<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)<br />
Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae<br />
Country Distribution: Tanzania<br />
Current Population Trend: Decreasing<br />
Geographic Range This species is known only from the foothills of<br />
the East Usambara Mountains in north-eastern Tanzania. All records<br />
have been from below 410m asl.<br />
Population It is not uncommon within its very small known range.<br />
Habitat and Ecology It is a terrestrial species of lowland forest,<br />
but also survives in mildly disturbed, selectively logged forest. Its<br />
breeding behaviour is unknown, but it might breed in puddles in tree<br />
roots (like Stephopaedes anotis).<br />
Major Threats There is ongoing loss of its habitat due to agricultural<br />
encroachment, wood extraction, and human settlement.<br />
Conservation Measures It occurs in the Kwamgumi, Segoma and<br />
Mtai Forest Reserves, but these are not well protected and are in<br />
need of improved management.<br />
Bibliography: Harper, E. and Vonesh, J.R. (2003), Poynton, J.C. (1998), Poynton,<br />
J.C. and Clarke, B.T. (1999)<br />
Data Providers: John Poynton, Kim Howell<br />
EN Werneria bambutensis (Amiet, 1972)<br />
Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)<br />
Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae<br />
Country Distribution: Cameroon<br />
Current Population Trend: Decreasing<br />
© David C. Blackburn<br />
Geographic Range This species is known only from the mountains of western Cameroon, where it occurs on Mount<br />
Manenguba and in the Bamenda Highlands in the Bamboutos Mountains and Mount Oku. It also occurs at Santa on<br />
Mount Neshele. Its altitudinal range is from 1,750-2,600m asl, but it rarely occurs below 2,100-2,200m asl.<br />
Population It is not a common species. In 1985, it was reported as possibly nearing extinction in the Bamboutos<br />
Mountains.<br />
Habitat and Ecology It is found on flat rocks in fast-flowing streams at high elevations, typically in montane forest<br />
patches. It breeds in streams, and it seems that after reproduction the adults disperse into forest patches, open bamboo<br />
glades, and montane grassland. The larvae live in fast, even torrential, water. During the dry season the adults may<br />
live in water, hiding under stones. It seems to occur at higher altitudes than other members of its genus, living at a<br />
higher altitude than both Werneria tandyi and W. mertensiana on Mount Manenguba.<br />
Major Threats It is probably threatened by forest clearance and degradation resulting from overgrazing, fires, and<br />
cultivation.<br />
Conservation Measures The species might occur in the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve, but is largely unprotected<br />
elsewhere in its range; additional protection of the remaining highland forests in Cameroon, particularly Mount<br />
Manenguba, is needed. A conservation project has been conducted on Mount Oku for several years by BirdLife<br />
International, involving community management of the area involving the local villages. This project needs to take<br />
into account the conservation needs of this species.<br />
Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1972b), Amiet, J.-L. (1976b), Amiet, J.-L. (1989), Gartshore, M.E. (1986), Rödel, M.-O. et al. (2004)<br />
Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet