Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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202 Threatened Amphibians of the World EN Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1875 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: India Current Population Trend: Decreasing © S.U. Saravanakumar Geographic Range This species is endemic to the Western Ghats of India, where it has a very fragmented range. It occurs at elevations of 300-1,800m asl. Population There is no reliable information available on the population status of this species, although it is locally uncommon and believed to be declining. Habitat and Ecology It is a semi-arboreal species generally associated with montane moist evergreen forest. Breeding takes place on the ground at stream banks, and the larvae develop in water. Major Threats It is threatened by the conversion of its forest habitat to non-timber plantations (including coffee and tea), the collection of timber and wood for subsistence use by local people, and the construction of roads and dams. Conservation Measures It has been recorded from several protected areas, including the Konya Wild Life Sanctuary (Maharashtra), Cotigao Wild Life Sanctuary (Goa), Indira Ghandi National Park and Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Tamil Nadu), Ponmudi Hills and Silent Valley National Park (Kerala). The species is the focus of ongoing studies from 1998 to the present (S. D. Biju pers. comm.). Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Chanda, S.K. (2002), Das, I. and Whittakar, R. (1988), Das, I. and Whittakar, R. (1990), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Günther, A. (1876), Inger, R.F. et al. (1984), Pillai, R.S. (1986) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Robert Inger, Vivek Ashok Gour-Broome EN Pelophryne albotaeniata Barbour, 1938 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Philippines Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is found only on Palawan Island, in the Philippines. The type locality was at an elevation of 1,500m asl. Population It is apparently rare, and there have been no fi eld observations of this species for more than 40 years, though this may be an artefact of limited survey work. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits arboreal microhabitats in riverine habitat in montane and lowland forests. Its breeding biology is unrecorded, but it presumably takes place in water by larval development. Major Threats The loss of lowland rainforest, mainly due to agricultural activities and selective logging, is a major threat to this species. Conservation Measures Although the forests on Palawan are, in general, reasonably well protected in much of the island, more effective protection of the remaining rainforest on the island, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests, is necessary. Further survey work is also needed to establish the current population status of this species. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Brown, R.M., Diesmos, A.C. and Alcala, A.C. (2001), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1954), Inger, R.F. (1960b), Inger, R.F. (1999), Taylor, E.H. (1923) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez EN Pelophryne api Dring, 1984 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Malaysia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Indraneil Das Geographic Range This species is endemic to Borneo where it is known only from the type locality (Gunung Mulu National Park) in northern Sarawak, Malaysia; however, it might occur a little more widely. It has an altitudinal range of 65-1,200m asl. Population The population status and abundance of the species is not known. Habitat and Ecology All known specimens have been found in primary rainforest in limestone karst areas. The larvae are endotrophic and occur in small pools on the forest fl oor. Major Threats It is not certain whether this species is entirely restricted to karst areas, but, if so, then its distribution is likely to be extremely patchy and localized, thereby exposing this species to the hazards of stochastic events. Conservation Measures The only known locality for the species is protected in Gunung Mulu National Park, a 52,000-ha park that is the most studied tropical karst area in the world. Further survey work is requried to determine the current population status of the species at this locality, and whether it might be present in other karst areas of Borneo. Bibliography: Dring, J.C.M. (1984b), Dring, J.C.M. (1984b), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun VU Pelophryne guentheri (Boulenger, 1882) Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Indonesia, Malaysia Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is known from south-western and north-eastern Sarawak (Malaysia) and Serasan (north-western Kalimantan, Indonesia), and might also occur in north-western Kalimantan (Indonesia) and south-western Sabah (Malaysia), in Borneo. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is a lowland species present at elevations below 200m asl. Population There is no information on the population status of this species. Habitat and Ecology It occurs in the leaf-litter of hilly lowland primary moist forest. The large eggs are probably deposited in very small rain pools. Major Threats The major threat to this species is habitat loss due to logging. The northern part of the range now consists of disturbed habitat (largely deforested) and it is unclear whether or not the species still survives there. Conservation Measures The species is present in Kubah National Park, although the southern section is facing increasing pressure from encroaching logging activities. There is a need for improved habitat protection of sites at which this species is known to occur. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1966), Leong, T.M., Grismer, L. and Mumpuni (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 203 VU Pelophryne lighti (Taylor, 1920) Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Philippines Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Arvin C. Diesmos Geographic Range This species is patchily distributed in Bohol, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao in the Philippines. It probably occurs a little more widely than current records suggest. Population It is locally common. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits arboreal microhabitats in riverine areas in montane and lowland forests, and is able to survive in slightly disturbed habitats. It presumably breeds in water by larval development. Major Threats The major threats to this species include the loss of lowland rainforest (as a result of agriculture and logging), and the pollution of mountain streams and rivers due to agricultural effluents and mine tailings. Conservation Measures This species is present in several protected areas. Conservation measures must include the regulation and proper disposal of pesticides, herbicides, and mine tailings and the protection of the remaining rainforest, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests. Bibliography: Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. (1985), Frost, D.R. (1985), Inger, R.F. (1960b), Inger, R.F. (1999), Taylor, E.H. (1921) Data Providers: Arvin Diesmos, Angel Alcala, Rafe Brown, Leticia Afuang, Genevieve Gee, Katie Hampson, Mae Leonida Diesmos, Aldrin Mallari, Perry Ong, Dondi Ubaldo, Baldwin Gutierrez VU Pelophryne misera (Mocquard, 1890) Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Malaysia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Andreas & Christel Nöllert Geographic Range This species is known only from mountains in Sabah and north-eastern Sarawak, in northern Borneo, Malaysia. It might also occur in the mountains of northern Kalimantan, Indonesia, but has not yet been recorded from there. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is present in forests above 1,500m asl. Population It is diffi cult to observe, but is considered locally abundant in montane forests (Malkmus et al. 2002). Habitat and Ecology All known observations were made in montane ‘elfin’ type forests. Adults are largely terrestrial and are found in leaf-litter, rock crevices, and holes in the ground. Breeding takes place in small, temporary pools on the forest fl oor, and tadpoles are endotrophic. Major Threats Habitat loss is probably the most serious threat, due mainly to logging. Logging is occurring at Gunung Murud, but is below the altitudinal range of this species. The development of recreation and tourism facilities is a potential threat. Conservation Measures The range of the species includes Kinabalu National Park. Other suitable montane forests, particularly those of Trus Madi, require more effective protection. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun VU Pelophryne rhopophilius Inger and Stuebing, 1996 Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Malaysia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Djoko Iskandar Geographic Range This species is known only from south-western and north-eastern Sarawak (Malaysia), but probably also occurs in western Kalimantan (Indonesia), in Borneo. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. It is present at elevations around 800m asl. Population It is moderately abundant within its restricted range. Habitat and Ecology Males have been seen calling from low shrubs in submontane and montane mossy forest. Eggs are probably deposited in very small rain pools. Major Threats The major threat to the species is ongoing habitat loss due to agriculture and logging. Conservation Measures The species’ range includes Gunung Mulu National Park and Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary. Bibliography: Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1996), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997) Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Yambun EN Pelophryne scalptus (Liu and Hu, 1973) Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: China Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Michael Wai Neng Lau / Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Geographic Range This species is restricted to the hilly areas in southern Hainan Province, China, from 350- 1,400m asl. Population There is no information available on its population status. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits evergreen broadleaf forests. Males call near small streams, which are probably also the breeding sites. Major Threats The species is particularly susceptible to habitat destruction and degradation that is taking place primarily due to smallholder farming activities and small-scale wood extraction from expanding human settlements. Conservation Measures The range of this species includes several protected areas, but expanded and improved protection of the remaining forest habitat is necessary. Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), Ye, C.-Y, Fei, L. and Hu, S.Q. (1993) Data Providers: Michael Wai Neng Lau, Shi Haitao
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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