Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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186 Threatened Amphibians of the World EN Bufo inyangae Poynton, 1963 INYANGA TOAD Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Zimbabwe Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Richard Boycott Geographic Range This species in known only from the Nyanga Mountains in eastern Zimbabwe. It presumably occurs in adjacent Mozambique, but there have been no records here, probably because of a lack of herpetological work in this area. It has been found at 2,400-2,560m asl, but probably also occurs at slightly lower elevations. Population It is rather cryptic and hard to fi nd, but it seems to be fairly common within its very limited range. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits montane grassland with exposed bare granite. The animals hide under stones, in cracks in the granite, and in rodent burrows. It breeds in temporary pools, and larvae have been seen moving across wet granite faces. Major Threats The high-altitude habitat of this species has remained relatively intact up until now, although it might be at increasing risk from wood plantations, overgrazing by livestock, and human settlement. Conservation Measures It occurs in the Nyanga National Park; continued and strengthened mangement of this protected area is needed. Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Lambiris, A.J.L. (1989b), Poynton, J.C. (1963), Poynton, J.C. (1964b), Poynton, J.C. and Broadley, D.G. (1988), Tandy, M. and Keith, R. (1972) Data Providers: John Poynton, Mills Tandy VU Bufo justinianoi Harvey and Smith, 1994 Vulnerable B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Bolivia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Jörn Köhler Geographic Range This species is found in the Bolivian Andes, in Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and La Paz Departments. It is know from the type locality, El Chape, in Florida Province, Santa Cruz Department, at an altitude of 2,050m asl, and from Campamento Fortaleza, in Carrasco Province, Cochabamba Department, from 1,875-2,220m asl, and from four localities in Nor Yungas Province, in La Paz Department, from 1,440-2,250m asl. Population The population status of this species is not known. Habitat and Ecology It inhabits wet montane forest including cloud and Yungas forest. Köhler (2000a) suggests that it is probably restricted to primary forest. The larvae develop in streams. Major Threats The major threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation caused primarily by agriculture. Conservation Measures Its range includes Parque Nacional Carrasco and Parque Nacional Amboro. Bibliography: De la Riva, I. et al. (2000), Harvey, M. and Smith, E. (1994), Köhler, J. (2000a) Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Ignacio De la Riva, Jörn Köhler EN Bufo kotagamai Feonando and Dayawansa, 1994 Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Sri Lanka Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Madhava Meegaskumbura Geographic Range This species is restricted to three sites in south-western Sri Lanka (Kitulgala Forest Reserve, Messana Forest Reserve and Sinharaja World Heritage Site). It ranges from 150-1,070m asl. Population Little is known about the population status of this species, but it is not common. Habitat and Ecology A terrestrial species associated with wet leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover, close to streams in tropical wet montane forest, its breeding biology has not been recorded, but it presumably takes place in water, probably in streams, by larval development. Major Threats Habitat loss (small-scale agriculture) and human disturbance (local tourism) are the primary threats to this species. Conservation Measures It has been recorded from several protected areas, including the Kitulgala Forest Reserve, Messana Forest Reserve and the Sinharaja World Heritage Site. Bibliography: Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1999), Dutta, S.K. and Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996), Manamendra-Arachchi, K. and Pethiyagoda, R. (1998) Data Providers: Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva, Deepthi Wickramasinghe EN Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: India Current Population Trend: Decreasing © K. Jayaram Geographic Range This species is known only from two localities (Koyna and Aboli) in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. Specimens have been recorded at elevations between 900 and 1,200m asl. Population It is a rare species, and is uncommon at the type locality. Habitat and Ecology This is a terrestrial toad of moist to wet evergreen forest, and dry riparian grassland. Its breeding has not been recorded, but it presumably takes place in water, probably in streams, by larval development. Major Threats The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to agriculture and clear cutting of forests. Conservation Measures It has been recorded from the Konya Wild Life Sanctuary, but expanded protection of forest habitats in the species’ range is needed. Further research is needed into the range and breeding biology of this species. Notes on taxonomy: The taxonomy and relationships of this species need re-evaluation (Biju 2001). Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Giri, V. and Chaturvedi, N. (2001), Grandison, A.G.C. and Daniel, J.C. (1964), Soman, P.W. (1963) Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Robert Inger
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 187 EN Bufo kumquat Das and Lim, 2001 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Malaysia Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Jeet Sukumaran Geographic Range This newly described species was found on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It is known only from the type locality, Sabak Bernam, and from the North Selangor Peat Swamp, though it possibly occurs more widely. Population It is locally abundant, but it is possibly hard to find when not breeding (which may be one explanation for its recent discovery). Habitat and Ecology It is a peat swamp specialist. It is thought be be an explosive breeder, and presumably breeds by larval development. Major Threats The major threat is drainage and reclamation of peat swamps for agricultural purposes, and part of its type locality has already been destroyed. Conservation Measures This species has not been recorded from any protected areas, making habitat protection an urgent priority. Bibliography: Das, I. and Lim, K.P.P. (2001) Data Providers: Indraneil Das, Jeet Sukumaran, Norsham Yaakob CR Bufo lemur (Cope, 1868) PUERTO RICAN CRESTED TOAD Critically Endangered A2a; B1ab(v)+2ab(v); C2a(ii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Virgin Islands (British), Puerto Rico Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Alejandro Sanchez Geographic Range This species has a very restricted range, and is known from only a handful of localities along the north and south coasts of Puerto Rico and Virgin Gorda Island. In recent years it has been recorded from only one location on the south coast of Puerto Rico. It has been recorded from sea level up to 50m asl. Population The north coast population has not been recorded since 1992, and it is most likely extirpated in this area. It was last recorded on Virgin Gorda Island in 1964, and other surveys since then have not located any individuals. Since 1992, there has only been one known population remaining. In 1984, there were 900 mature individuals recorded in this population; subsequently, in 1998, there were only 215 mature individuals recorded (of which 34 were females), in 2002 only 100 mature individuals, and in 2003 only 80 mature individuals were recorded (R. Joglar pers. comm.). Habitat and Ecology It is a terrestrial species found in semi-arid, rocky areas of seasonal evergreen forest. Eggs are laid in permanent or temporary pools of water, streams, or small dams for livestock. Major Threats Infrastructure development for human settlement is a major threat, particularly on the north coast. In the south of its range some breeding pools were deliberately drained to clear parking space for visitors to the beach. Conservation Measures The last known population occurs entirely within the Guanica National Forest, which is a well-managed area. Captive breeding has been successful, and after many years a re-introduction program in Puerto Rico seems to be showing some success, with re-introduced captive-bred animals now returning to the constructed ponds where they were fi rst released (Zippel 2005). Bibliography: Hedges, S.B. (1993), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Joglar, R.L. (1999), Rivero, J.A. (1998), Rivero, J.A. and Seguí Crespo, D. (1992), Zippel, K. (2005) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Rafael Joglar, Richard Thomas, Luis J. Villanueva-Rivera, Neftalí Ríos-Lopez EN Bufo leucomyos McCranie and Wilson, 2000 Endangered B1ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Honduras Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Twan Leenders Geographic Range Disjunct populations of this species occur on the Atlantic slope of north-central Honduras at 0-1,600m asl. Population The population is apparently stable in appropriate habitat and the species is recorded on a regular basis. Habitat and Ecology It can be found in lowland moist, and premontane and lower montane wet, forest; all specimens have been collected from broadleaf forests. The larvae apparently develop in streams. Major Threats A major threat to this species is the impact of landslides on upper clear water streams, as a result of strong storms and human activities taking place in the lower portions of the streams. Habitat loss due to slash-and-burn agriculture, smallholder farming, logging, and expanding human settlements is also a signifi cant threat. Conservation Measures Part of the range of this species is protected in La Muralla and Pico Bonito National Parks, the Lancetilla Botanical Garden, and the Reserva de Visda Silvestre Texiguat. Bibliography: McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2000a), McCranie, J.R. and Wilson, L.D. (2002b) Data Providers: Larry David Wilson, Gustavo Cruz EN Bufo longinasus Stejneger, 1905 CUBAN LONG-NOSED TOAD Endangered B2ab(iii) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Cuba Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is only known from three very small distributional pockets (Pinar del Río Province, Sierra de Trinidad, and Sierra del Guaso) in Cuba, and each of these may turn out to be separate species. It has been recorded from 100-820m asl. Population It is generally an uncommon species, although one population in the west is known to be very abundant. However, the eastern population has not been found again since it was first described in the early 1900s. Habitat and Ecology It is found in upland pinewoods and mesic broadleaf forest, and is terrestrial by day but may be arboreal at night. It has not been recorded outside forest habitat, and is always found by streams. Males call while floating on the surface of water. Eggs are laid in streams, where the larvae also develop. Major Threats There is ongoing habitat loss in the upland woodlands in which it occurs from clear-cutting and subsistence logging, charcoaling, fires, and agricultural expansion. Conservation Measures Its range includes several protected areas, although these areas do not provide sufficient protection for the species. Improved management of these reserves, and strengthened protection of the remaining forest habitat, is required. Bibliography: Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) (2002), Hedges, S.B. (1993), Hedges, S.B. (1999), Hedges, S.B. (2001), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R (1999), Henderson, R.W. and Powell, R. (2001), Moreno, L.V. et al. (1999), Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. (1991) Data Providers: Blair Hedges, Luis Díaz
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