Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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172 Threatened Amphibians of the World CR Atelopus oxyrhynchus Boulenger, 1903 Critically Endangered A2ace Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species has a very restricted distribution, in cloud forests in the vicinities of the city of Mérida, in Mérida State, in the Cordillera de Mérida in the Venezuelan Andes. Its elevation ranges from 2,100-3,500m asl. Population It is now an extremely rare species, and although found in good numbers in 1978 and 1985, it was last recorded in 1994. Subsequent survey attempts to locate this species have failed to find any individuals, suggesting a serious population decrease. Habitat and Ecology This species is an inhabitant of montane cloud forests. It is photophillic and lays egg chains in streams, where the tadpoles also develop. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, leading to a catastrophic population decline, as has occurred in many other montane species of Atelopus. Habitat loss and degradation is also a major threat, due to agriculture (crops, livestock, and plantations), logging (in the past), and mining. Conservation Measures Some subpopulations occur within the Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada and Parque Nacional Sierra de la Culata. Surveys are needed to establish whether or not this species still persists in its natural range. In view of the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex-situ population. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Boulenger, G.A. (1903), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), La Marca, E. and Lötters, S. (1997), La Marca, E. and Reinthaler, H.P. (1991), Lötters, S. (1996), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Rodríguez, J.P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. (1995) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Irwin García, Rubén Albornoz, Juan Elías García-Pérez CR Atelopus pachydermus (Schmidt, 1857) Critically Endangered A2ace Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas Geographic Range This species occurs on the eastern versant of the Andes of Ecuador in Napo Province. It was reported from humid montane forests in the Departamentos of Amazonas, Cajamarca and La Libertad, Peru, by Rodríguez, Cordova and Icochea (1993), but these specimens refer to an unnamed species (S. Lötters pers. comm.). It might be present in Colombia, because the type specimens were shipped from Buenaventura, Colombia. It occurs at around 2,755-3,300m asl. Population This formerly abundant species has completely disappeared from its known range, and the last record is from 1996. Surveys at Papallacta undertaken since 1993 have failed to record this species. Habitat and Ecology It occurs near streams in páramo and sub-páramo, and breeding takes place in streams. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, leading to a catastrophic population decline, as has occurred in many other montane species of Atelopus. Conservation Measures The geographic range of this species in Ecuador overlaps Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca, Reserva Ecológica Antisana, Parque Nacional Llanganates, and Parque Nacional Sangay. Survey work is needed to determine whether or not this species still persists. In view of the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex-situ population. Notes on taxonomy: The species treated here (and by previous authors) as A. pachydermus is in fact unnamed. True Atelopus pachydermus are from an unknown locality, probably in the Peruvian Andes (S. Lötters pers. comm.). Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. (1996), Merino-Viteri, A. (2001), Peters, J.A. (1973), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993), Ron, S.R. and Merino, A. (2000), Schmidt, O. (1857) Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Stefan Lötters, Enrique La Marca CR Atelopus pedimarmoratus Rivero, 1963 Critically Endangered A3ce Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Colombia Current Population Trend: Unknown © César Landazábal Geographic Range This species is known only from the type locality: San Isidro, Municipio de Ubala, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia, at 2,600-3,100m asl. Population There have been no reports of this species since its original description in 1963, but there appear to have been no attempts to relocate it. Habitat and Ecology It is an inhabitant of cloud forest, with breeding and larval development taking place in streams. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, leading to a catastrophic population decline, as has occurred in many other montane species of Atelopus. Habitat destruction due to potato farming is also a threat to this species. Conservation Measures The species has not been recorded from any protected area, although it might occur in the Reserva Forestal Protectora El Predio Río Sucio, in the Municipio de Gachalá. Survey work is necessary to determine the current population status of the species. In view of the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to be taken into captivity. Notes on taxonomy: Lötters (1996), suggested that the Cauca localities (by Cochran and Goin 1970) were doubtful on geographic grounds. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. (1996), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Jose Vicente Rueda, María Cristina Ardila-Robayo, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Ruth Adriana Maldonado-Silva, Enrique La Marca CR Atelopus peruensis Gray and Cannatella, 1985 Critically Endangered A2ace Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Peru Current Population Trend: Unknown © Jörn Köhler Geographic Range This species is known only from the northern Peruvian Andes near the surroundings of Celendin, Abra Comulica, San Miguel de Pallaques and Province of Hualgayoc, all in the Departamento Cajamarca; it is (or was) present at Charco (3,700m asl), Huari, Departamento Ancash, and also in the Departamento Piura. Its altitudinal range is from 2,800-4,200m asl. Population This species was very abundant until 1992, but there appears to have been a decline since then, and several populations, one of them at Cajamarca-Celendín, are believed to have disappeared (R. Schulte pers. comm.). Habitat and Ecology It inhabits puna and “sub-puna” (high altitude) habitats, with scattered tussock grass and Baccharis sp. They are sensitive to habitat degradation. Breeding takes place in streams, with larvae adhering to the undersides of large (30-50cm) rocks in swiftly fl owing streams at a depth of approximately 30cm. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, leading to a catastrophic population decline, as has occurred in many other montane species of Atelopus. The chytrid pathogen has yet to be found in this species, but the disease is known to be spreading in northern Peru, and the declines already reported are likely to be related to this disease. It has previously been reported in the pet trade, although this appears to have stopped. A population in Cajamarca was lost due to water contamination from activities at a nearby gold mine. Conservation Measures This species occurs in Parque Nacional Huascarán, and might be present in Reserva Nacional Callipuy, and Santuario Nacional Callipuy. Disease management and captive-breeding programmes appear necessary given the threat of chytridiomycosis. Bibliography: Gray, P. and Cannatella, D.C. (1985), INRENA (Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales, Peru) (2001), Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) (2000), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. (1996), Lötters, S. et al. (1990), Lötters, S. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. and Köhler, J. (1998), Mebs, D. et al. (1995), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Rodríguez, L.O., Cordova, J.H. and Icochea, J. (1993) Data Providers: Rainer Schulte, Antonio Salas, Ariadne Angulo, Stefan Lötters, Ulrich Sinsch, Alfonso Miranda Leiva
Globally Threatened Amphibian Species 173 CR Atelopus petriruizi Ardila-Robayo, 1999 Critically Endangered A3ce Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Colombia Current Population Trend: Unknown Geographic Range This species occurs in Parque Nacional Natural Los Picachos, Varedas la Esperanza y Andalucia, Caquetá Department, Colombia, between 1,750 and 2,500m asl. It might occur a little more widely. Population It is only known from four specimens collected between 1994 and 1998; there has been no subsequent survey work for the species. Habitat and Ecology It occurs and breeds in streams in premontane moist forest. Major Threats The most serious risk to this species is chytridiomycosis, which has had a devastating impact on other high-altitude species of Atelopus. Habitat loss due to the planting of illegal crops is a threat to this species. Conservation Measures It occurs in Parque Nacional Natural Los Picachos. Survey work is required to determine the current population status of the species. Given the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for an ex-situ population. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1999), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006) Data Providers: María Cristina Ardila-Robayo, John Lynch CR Atelopus pictiventris Kattan, 1986 Critically Endangered A3ce Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Colombia Current Population Trend: Unknown © Gustavo Kattan Geographic Range This species is known from Alto Pance (Corea), Municipality of Cali, in the Valle del Cauca Department on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Occidental, in Colombia, at 2,600m asl. Population This species is known from only a few specimens, and was last recorded in 1996. Habitat and Ecology It is a terrestrial and diurnal species, with all specimens having been found in artificially cleared forest. Its breeding habits are not known, but it presumably breeds in streams like other species in the genus. Major Threats The most serious threat to this species is chytridiomycosis, which has had a devastating impact on other high-altitude species of Atelopus. Conservation Measures The type locality is within the Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali. Further survey work is required to determine the biology and current population status of this species. Considering that chytridiomycosis is the likely overwhelming threat, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex-situ population. Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Kattan, G. (1986), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. (1996), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996) Data Providers: Stefan Lötters, John Lynch CR Atelopus pinangoi Rivero “1980” (1984) GREEN AND RED VENTER HARLEQUIN TOAD Critically Endangered A2ac; B1ab(iii,v) Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Venezuela Current Population Trend: Decreasing Geographic Range This species is only known from the type locality, “Piñango”, at 2,920m asl, and from a second population a few kilometres away, in cloud forest near the village of Pinango, Mérida State, in the Andes of Venezuela. It has been recorded from 2,300-2,920m asl. Population This is a rare species. The last recorded observation was in 1997, despite repeated searches, thus suggesting a serious population decrease. Habitat and Ecology This species is an inhabitant of montane cloud forest. It is photophilic and lays egg chains in streams, where the tadpoles also develop. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, which has also caused major declines in many other montane species of Atelopus. Habitat loss due to logging and agriculture (cattle ranching, crops) -- the type locality was completely destroyed by the mid-1980s -- and introduced trout, are also major threats to the species. With increased insolation as a result of climate change this species could be at enhanced risk due to its sub-basking habits. Conservation Measures The range of the species does not include any protected areas. Surveys are required to establish whether or not this species still survives. In view of the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex-situ population. Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), La Marca, E. (1994d), La Marca, E. (1995b), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), La Marca, E. and Lötters, S. (1997), La Marca, E. and Reinthaler, H.P. (1991), Lötters, S. (1996), Péfaur, J.E. and Rivero, J.A. (2000), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006), Rivero, J.A. (1984), Rodríguez, J.P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. (1995), Vial, J.L. and Saylor, L. (1993) Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-Pérez CR Atelopus planispina Jiménez de la Espada, 1875 Critically Endangered A2ace Order, Family: Anura, Bufonidae Country Distribution: Ecuador Current Population Trend: Decreasing © Luis A. Coloma Geographic Range This species is known from five localities in the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, from Volcán Reventador to the south, to Cordillera de Cutucú. It has been recorded from 1,000-2,000m asl. Population The population of this species has declined dramatically. The last record was in July 1985 (an amplectant pair) despite repeated visits to known (El Reventador) or inferred localities (within its extent of occurrence) (Bustamante 2002). Habitat and Ecology This species is an inhabitant of humid montane forest. There is no specific information known about breeding, but it is likely to be similar to other Atelopus species, with breeding and larval development taking place in streams. Major Threats The major threat is likely to be chytridiomycosis, and which has also led to catastrophic population declines in many other montane species of Atelopus. Habitat loss due to agriculture (both crops and livestock), logging, mining, and infrastructure development for human settlement, as well as agricultural pollution, are also major threats. Conservation Measures Its distribution range overlaps with Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Sangay, Reserva Ecológica Antisana, Parque Nacional Llanganates, and possibly Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca. Surveys are needed to establish whether or not this species still survives. In view of the threat of chytridiomycosis, surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex-situ population. Notes on taxonomy: The taxonomic status of A. planispina and A. palmatus was discussed by Coloma (1997). Recent unpublished infromation suggests that A. palmatus might be a valid species known from the type locality (S. Lötters pers. comm.). Bibliography: Bustamante, M. R. (2002), Coloma, L.A. (1997), Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1875), La Marca, E. et al. (2005), Lötters, S. (1996), Peters, J.A. (1973), Pounds, J.A. et al. (2006) Data Providers: Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, Martín R. Bustamante, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Stefan Lötters, Enrique La Marca
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Globally Threatened Amphibian Species Part 1

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