Frédéric Delord - Renewable Energies Report definitif - Awex

Renewable Energy in Croatia
Renewable energy in Croatia
Frédéric Delord
Embassy of Belgium - Economic and Commercial Office
February 2011
“You see, we should make use of the forces of nature and should obtain all our power in this way.
Sunshine is a form of energy, wind and sea currents are manifestations of this energy. Do we make
use of them Oh no! We burn forests and coal, like tenants burning down our front door for
heating. We live like wild settlers and not as though these resources belong to us.“
Thomas A. Edison, 1916
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Table of Contents
Croatia in figures..........................................................................5
General figures........................................................................5
Energy figures.........................................................................5
Main state actors in the energy market of Croatia.............................19
Regulations of renewable energy in Europe.....................................29
Regulations of renewable energy in Croatia....................................30
Private investors....................................................................39
Description of renewable energy sources which can be used in Croatia.......46
Links.......................................................................................65
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Croatia in figures
General figures
Land area, km² 56 594
Surface area of territorial sea and interior sea waters,
km²
Length of sea coast line with islands
Land border length
31 067
5 835,3 km
2 028 km
The highest mountain Dinara (1 831 m)
Number of islands
1 185 (47 inhabited)
Population, 2009 mid-year estimate, ‘000 4 429
Population density per km², 2009 78,3
City of Zagreb, population, 2009 mid-year estimate, ‘000 790
Official language
National currency
Croatian
Kuna (HRK)
Energy figures
Croatia has good natural resources for exploitation of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy
sources are domestic and their use as a means of improving security of energy supply boosts the
development of domestic production of energy equipment and services, and the achievement of
environmental objectives.
Croatia will maximally stimulate renewable energies but at acceptable social costs of their use.
Therefore, the government has set these strategic objectives:
• The Republic of Croatia will fulfil the obligations as per proposed EU Directive on the
promotion of renewable energy sources on the share of renewable energy sources, including
large hydro, the gross final energy consumption to 20% etc.;
• The Republic of Croatia will meet obligations under European Union Directive on the share of
renewable in final energy consumption in transport in 2020, in the amount of 10%;
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
• In 2020, the goal of the Republic of Croatia is to have 35% of electricity production from
renewable energy (including large hydropower).
Electricity production and consumption in Croatia
Pipeline transport in figures
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Energy import and export in Croatia
Climate indicators
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
A problem when interpreting data on installed capacities on RES-H is that there are no reliable
statistical data on installed capacities for solar and biomass heating systems. Heat from
geothermal sources includes two methodologies for reporting the values.
The installed heat capacity of solar systems has been estimated according to the surface and
type of collectors (as recommended by the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF),
data from the Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar www.hihp.hr survey on installed capacities until
1998 and data on sales and imports of plate and vacuum solar collectors for period of 1998 –
2009. The data on the heat capacity of heating plants using biomass refer to biomass-fired
industrial facilities and do not contain information on heat capacity of small heating furnaces
and hot water preparation in households.
Professional literature mentions two methodologies of expressing the used geothermal energy:
one for the energy used for space heating only and the other for the energy used for heating
and hot water. The total installed capacities of geothermal sources in 18 locations in use in
Croatia amount to 36.66 MWt when space heating is concerned, and 113.9 MWt when
geothermal energy for space heating and hot water preparation in spas and recreational centres
is concerned.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The installed power capacity of photovoltaic systems differs from the value provided by HROTE
www.hrote.hr as it refers to grid connected systems including autonomous PV systems. The
installed capacity of autonomous PV systems that supply facilities without grid connection
(lighting houses, holiday houses, GSM bases, parking machines etc.) is estimated to 400 kW.
Until the end of 2009, 267 projects have been recorded at the Registry, which represents a 61 %
increase in RES projects within a year: 41.36% are wind power plants followed by small hydro
power plants (24.07%), photovoltaic (14.81%), solid biomass power plants (10.49%) and biogas
power plants (8.64%). In 2009, the first geothermal power plant project has been recorded of
4.71 MW. The total installed capacity of recorded projects is 3 025.87 MW which is a 56.53 %
increase since 2008.
The next five figures present the recorded installed capacity of power plants according to the
each type of RES together with the status of the projects: PEO – preliminary energy approval;
PEOz – preliminary energy approval according to the situation existed; EO – energy approval;
Upis – recording in the Registry of the existing power plant (which does not imply that the plant
has gained the eligible producer status).
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The next graph shows the incentive prices from the Tariff System to promote production of
electricity from RES, having in mind that the values for incentive prices are obtained by
multiplying the tariff item (C) with the correction factor that depends on the share of domestic
component in the project. The correction factor takes values between 1 (from 60% of domestic
share and more) and 0.93 (for domestic share of 45% and less). In effect, the article 5 of the
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Tariff system, the level of the subsidised price for RES-S is to be corrected for the consumer
price index during the contracted time for selling the electricity.
For cogeneration plants, the tariff items and their corresponding amounts (C) are expressed in
HRK/kWh and shown in the next graph for the delivered electricity for the duration of higher
(HT) and lower (LT) daily tariff systems. The duration of HT and LT is determined by the tariff
system for electricity generation. Electricity must be produced in the cogeneration process in
the manner prescribed by the regulation governing the acquisition of the eligible producer
status. Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a
power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The following tables show data on paid amounts based on the subsidised prices to the eligible
producers of RES-E according to the technology (table 8.3.5), eligible producer (table 8.3.6) and
liabilities of the operators (table 8.3.7).
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Croatia does not have actually reliable data which would enable to determine the installed heat
capacities of solar collectors. The next data are derived from estimations given in the table
“RES-E in Croatia in the respect to the 2010 national target share” and assumptions on spatial
distribution, conversion losses and consumer behaviour. Heat generation from both solid and
gaseous biomass includes the generation in industrial heating facilities and heat generation from
fuel wood for heating and hot water preparation in households totalling 14 171 TJ.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The total capacities for liquid biofuels in Croatia have increased in late 2009 to 61 000 tons
biodiesel per year. In 2009, Croatia produced 6 333.2 t of biodiesel, out of which only a small
share ended up on the domestic market. Some 10 percent of the total amount originated from
collected waste cooking oil.
The imports of motor fuels blended with 5 percent v/v of biofuels were 2 520 t of biodiesel and
3 633.3 t of bioethanol or total 0.19 PJ.
For 2009, the net consumption of biofuels in Croatia amounted to 0.295 PicoJoules. This means
that the achieved share of biofuels in total fuels, as defined in the Ordinance on Biofuels
Quality (OG 141/05), is 0.38 percent for 2009.
Main state actors in the energy market of Croatia
The environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund www.fzoeu.hr
One of the Croatian institutions which manages all tenders and all money transfers regarding
energy efficiency and renewable energy sources projects. The Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency was established under the provisions of Article 60 Paragraph 5 of the Environmental
Protection Act (Official Gazette no. 82/94 and 128/99) and Article 11 of the Energy Act (Official
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Gazette no. 68/01). The Law on Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency was published in
the Official Gazette no.107/03, and applies since 01 January 2004. The Fund is a state institution.
The missions of this Fund are :
protecting, preserving and improving the quality of air, soil, water and seas,
□ mitigating the climate change
□ protecting the ozone layer,
remediating the landfill, encouraging avoidance and reduction of waste generation, waste
treatment and utilization of valuable waste,
promoting cleaner production, and avoiding/reducing waste/emissions in the production process,
protecting and conserving the biological and landscape diversity,
implementing the national energy programs,
encouraging the use of renewable energy sources (sun, wind, biomass, etc.)
encouraging sustainable construction,
promoting cleaner transport,
promoting sustainable use of natural resources,
promoting sustainable development of rural areas,
promoting sustainable economic activities and sustainable economic development,
improving the system of information on the state of environmental monitoring and assessment of
the environment and the introduction of environmental management systems,
promoting education, research and development studies, programs, projects and other
activities, including demonstration activities, the performance of the Fund.
The Fund may participate in co-financing of other programs, projects and related activities in the
field of environmental protection and energy efficiency, which are conducted on Croatian
territory, when they are organized and financed by international organizations, financial
institutions/bodies and other legal entities.
The Fund will not call new tenders when a party is directly involved in co-financing and
implementation of programs, projects and related activities regulated by the Law on Environmental
Protection and Energy Efficiency.
By-laws of the Fund shall determine the conditions that must be met by beneficiaries of the Fund,
the conditions and manner of allocation of funds, criteria and benchmarks for evaluating requests
for funds and the Fund's method of monitoring the use of earmarked funds and contractual
obligations between the Fund and beneficiaries of its resources.
For the financing of these programs, projects and related activities of the Fund cooperates with
banks and other financial institutions.
The Fund grants funds to enterprises and individuals to finance the programs, projects and other
activities, determined in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Environmental Protection
and Energy Efficiency, by:
• loans,
• subsidies,
• financial assistance, and donations.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Funds are awarded on the basis of a public tender.
Contact :
Ksaver 208
10 000 Zagreb
Tel : 01/5391 800 Fax : 01/5391 810
kontakt@fzoeu.hr
HEP www.hep.hr
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP Group) is a national electricity company engaged in electricity
production, transmission and distribution for more than one century, and with heat supply and gas
distribution for the past few decades
HEP Group is organized in the form of a holding company with a number of daughter companies.
The parent company of the Group, HEP d.d., performs the function of HEP Group corporate
management and guarantees the conditions for a secure and reliable electricity supply to
customers.
Within HEP Group there is a clear division (managerial, accounting, legal) of companies which
perform regulated activities (transmission and distribution) from non-regulated ones (generation
and supply).
Contact
Ulica grada Vukovara 37, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
telephone: +385 1 63 22 111, fax: +385 1 61 70 430
HEP-ODS www.hep.hr/ods
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HEP-ODS is in charge of :
- connecting the producer to the grid
Contact
Ulica grada Vukovara 37, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
telephone: +385 1 63 22 111, fax: + 385 1 61 70 956
HEP-Obnovljivi izvori energije (HEP Renewable Energy Sources) www.hep.hr/oie
HEP OIE is a daughter company of HEP (Hvatska Elektroprivreda). HEP is stated-owned energy
company which produces and distributes electricty. HEP OIE was founded in 2006 for the
purpose of grouping and supporting renewable energy projects. The actual CEO is Goran Slipac.
HEP OIE is in charge of :
- electricity production from renewable energy sources,
- sale of electricity from renewable energy sources and other products,
- research and development, designing, financing, construction and managment
of renewable energy projects and plants.
- joint projects, project and financial management
- marketing and promotion and environmental services related to renewable
energy sources.
HEP OIE works with domestic and foreign partners in renewable energy projects. The company
provides :
-technical cooperation : sitting, technical description, equipment, construction,
-financial cooperation : co-finance profitable project of partners.
But we should notice that, in fact, HEP OIE has investments priorities.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Wind power plants have the highest priority. The reason is the highly advanced technology and
also the knowledge that European and international countries accumulated in this field. We can
also add the fact that Croatia has a very good wind potential and a relatively high installed
capacity.
In the second place : biomass power plants. This renewable energy has a big potential because
it is currently not used in Croatia. We talk about waste, wood industry waste, agriculture waste
and others. In addition, Croatia has a relatively high installed capacity and this energy permits
possibilities for planning of resources.
Thirdly, small hydro power plants. This is a proven technology which HEP has a vast knowledge
about.
In the fourth place, geothermal power plants. Croatia has an above-average geothermal
potential on European scale. But, relatively high tariffs (1.26kn/kWh) are set for electricity
production from such sources, it is an expensive technology, and the risks are higher, compared
to other renewable technology sources.
Last place, photovoltaic power plants. The essential reason is the non-centralized production
and in addition, the Croatian regulation limiting to 1 MW the total installed capacity in Croatia.
Let us list the important criteria when you submit a renewable power plant project to HEP OIE.
First of all, the company assesses the resources. Their availability, securing, price, quality and
the climate conditions they require.
After that, HEP OIE evaluates the construction possibilities. Their criteria are: technical
specifications, suppliers and guarantees.
Following that, the company checks technical and regulatory requirements like: contracts with
network operator, network connectivity and support of regulatory bodies.
HEP OIE will also check you as a partner. It means they will look at your background with similar
projects, your financial information and also the management team and the staff.
Fifth step, assessments of financial resources. Project financing, cash flow sensitivity and your
liquidity and solvency.
Next step is the review of legal frameworks: licenses, contracts and compliance with physical
plans.
HEP OIE will also evaluate the social and environmental impact of your project.
Cooperation with HEP OIE can be very useful because of the synergy with HEP (main company).
But also they have experience in power projects construction. HEP OIE is also a stable company
with necessary funds.
If an investor want to introduce is project to HEP, he should send an email to hep-oie@hep.hr .
The mail should content:
- the description of the investor with his reference(s) on a similar projet;
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
- site description;
- description of the technology to be used;
- installed capacity and expected production:
- expected investments level;
- expected points of connection to the electric network and
- any state or local governments approval.
Contact
Ulica Grada Vukovara 37
10 000 Zagreb, Croatie
Tel : +385 1 63 22 171/Fax : +385 1 63 22 531
HEP ESCO d.o.o www.hep.hr/esco
HEP ESCO (Energy Service Company) is another of HEP’s daughter companies. This company
promotes energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in non-residential buildings. Green
Building is a voluntary program of the European Commission initiated in 2005, which provides
guidelines to owners and users of non-residential buildings for the improvement in energy
efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. In December 2007, a second phase of the
project – GreenBuildingplus – began and for the continuation of the program, the Energy Institute
Hrvoje Požar was appointed as one of ten partners and a national contact center for
GreenBuildingplus. The objective of the program is to improve the efficiency of energy use, to
promote and use renewable energy sources, to reduce the use of fossil fuels, to protect the
environment by reducing CO2 emissions, and to increase the security of energy supply. Any
company or organization which will contribute to the objectives of GreenBuilding program can
participate.
Contact
Ulica grada Vukovara 37, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
telephone: +385 1 63 22 923, fax: +385 1 63 22 459
Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency (HERA) www.hera.hr
HERA is an autonomous, independent and non-profit public institution.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
HERA's obligations, authorities and responsibilities are based on the Act on the Regulation of
Energy Activities, the Energy Act and other acts regulating specific energy activities. Danijel
Žamboki is the current president of HERA and Željko Rajić is the director of the electric
division. It is a state institution. The founder of HERA is the Republic of Croatia and the
founding rights are exercised by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. HERA is responsible
for its work to the Croatian Parliament.
HERA performs the following activities:
- Electricity market regulation
- Granting of the status of eligible electricity producer
- Providing opinion to the Ministry:
- on the tariff system for production of electric power from renewable
energy sources and cogeneration, on compensation for providing
incentives for renewable sources and cogeneration and on compensation
for stranded costs.
- on the proposed amounts of compensation for organization of the
electric energy market.
- on general conditions of energy supply.
- on procedures and criteria for approval and construction of generating
Facilities.
- Supervising application of all tariff systems and prescribed compensations
-Organization and carrying out of tendering procedures for construction of generating
facilities
- Providing opinion or consent to draft regulations in the energy sector for which HERA is
authorized according to the Act on the Regulation of Energy Activities and other legislation
regulating particular energy activities.
- Supervision of energy undertakings, pursuant to the provisions of The Energy Act and
other legislation regulating particular energy activities.
- Supervising quality of services provided by energy undertakings.
- Publishing information and data on energy efficiency and the use of energy.
- Participating in the energy policy design.
- Cooperating with the ministries and competent inspection services in accordance with
special laws.
- Collecting and processing of data related to the activities of energy operators.
- Submitting requests for misdemeanor offense proceedings.
- Settling disputes related to carrying out of regulated energy activities, in particular
with regards to the following:
- Rejection of connection to the transmission network/transport system
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
- Determination of compensation for connection and usage of the transmission
network/transport system.
HERA sets out the methodologies for:
● tariff systems, without the amounts of tariff items;
● determination of the compensation for the connection to the transmission and
distribution networks, and for increase in connected load;
● provision of energy balancing services in the electric power system;
● provision of natural gas balancing services in the gas pipeline system;
● access to natural gas storage, quantity of gas in the pipelines and other ancillary services
in the gas pipeline system.
HERA issues:
● Licenses for carrying out energy activities, temporarily and permanently revoking of
these licenses;
● Rulings on granting the status of eligible producers, , temporarily and permanently
revoking of these rulings.
HERA performs also the following activities:
● Taking decisions on invitations to tenders and selecting the most advantageous bidder for
construction of production facilities up to 50 MW, in line with the Article 10, Electricity
Market Act (“Official Gazette”, No. 177/04) and
● Submitting proposals to the Government of the Republic of Croatia on invitation to
tenders and selecting the most advantageous bidder for building production facilities of
50 MW and higher, in line with the Article 10, Paragraph 1 of the Electricity market Act
(“Official Gazette”, No. 177/04).
HERA provides:
● Opinions to the Ministry on the proposal of the amounts of tariff items;
● Opinions to the Government of the Republic of Croatia on the proposal of the amount of
compensation for connection to the network and increase in connected power;
● Consent to energy undertakings for construction of direct lines.
Contact
Ulica grada Vukovara 14
10 000 Zagreb
Croatia
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Croatian Energy Market Operator (HROTE) www.hrote.hr
HROTE is a state institution supervised by HERA. The public institution performs activities of
organizing the electricity market as a public service. His goal is to integrate the national energy
market to the European.
HROTE is in charge of raising the public awareness of environmental protection through the
promotion of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. Furthermore, HROTE
is in charge of :
- electricity market operation
- contracting for electricity purchase
- collecting and distributing of incentives
Contact
Miramarska 23
10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
+385 1 63 06 700 / Fax : +385 1 63 06 777
Croatian Environment Agency www.azo.hr
The Croatian Environment Agency is an independent public institution established by a decision of
the government of the Republic of Croatia to collect, integrate, and process environmental
data. The agency is supervising the effects of renewable energy projects on environment.
Contact
Trg maršala Tita 8 10 000 Zagreb
Tel: +385 (0)1 48 86 840
Fax: + 385 (0)1 48 26 173
email: info@azo.hr
Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar www.eihp.hr
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
In 1993, Croatian Government founded this institute. It is a non-profit institution whose goals
are to provide expert and scientific support to:
-the strategic development of the Croatian energy system and its sub-systems -
the processes of legislative reform and development
-the advancement of economic relations, and the development of relevant institutions.
The Institute’s main tasks include:
-expert and scientific research in the field of energy for state, regional and
local administration and energy companies;
-expertise and analyses for the Croatian Energy Regulatory Council;
-management of National Energy Programmes and pilot projects ;
-organisation of seminars, workshops and courses;
-publication of editions, periodicals and other forms of communication with
experts, scientists and the general public, especially via Internet.
The Institute carries out its mission in cooperation with numerous scientists and institutions
from Croatia and abroad.
Contact
Savska cesta 163,
P.B. 141, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
Switchboard: ++385 1 6326-100
Phone: ++385 1 6040-588;
Fax: ++385 1 6040-599
e-mail: eihp@eihp.hr
URL: http://www.eihp.hr
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Regulations of renewable energy
Regulations of renewable energy in Europe
The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an
international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system."
The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention
encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to
do so.
Under the Protocol, 37 countries (Annex I countries) commit themselves to a reduction of four
greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two
groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member
countries give general commitments. This 37 countries agreed to reduce their collective
greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Emission limits do not include emissions
by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases,
chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of
GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the
Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but
differentiated responsibilities.”
The Protocol allows for several "flexible mechanisms", such as emissions trading, the clean
development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation to allow Annex I countries to meet
their GHG emission limitations by purchasing GHG emission reductions credits from elsewhere,
through financial exchanges, projects that reduce emissions in non-Annex I countries, from
other Annex I countries, or from annex I countries with excess allowances.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force
on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted
at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
As an Annex I country of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and a country that
has pledged in the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce its GHG emissions by 5% (Instead of
31.1 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, the limit for Croatia - as a transitional
country whose economy is still recovering after the war in the 1990s, was set at 34.6 million
tons), Croatia will have to consider a new energy strategy. Compared to the energy
consumption collapse in some transitional countries, Croatia has passed through a relatively
short-term reduction of GHG emissions since 1990 because of higher energy efficiency of its
pretransition economy. Several scenarios of power generation are compared from the point of
view of GHG emissions. The cost-effective scenario expects a mixture of coal and gas fired
power plants to be built to satisfy the new demand and to replace the old power plants that are
being decommissioned. More Kyoto friendly scenario envisages forcing the compliance with the
Protocol with measures only in power generation sector by the construction of mainly zero
emission generating capacity in the future, while decommissioning the old plants as planned,
and is compared to the others from the GHG emissions point of view. The conclusion is that by
measures tackling only power generation, it will not be possible to keep GHG emission under
the Kyoto target level. The case of including the emissions from Croatian owned power plants in
former Yugoslavia is also discussed.
Regulations of renewable energy in Croatia
Since 2008, the Croatian electricity market is fully liberalized. As results, HEP
(http://www.hep.hr) doesn’t have the obligation to purchase electricity from renewable energy
sources. This is the responsibility of HROTE (http://www.hrote.hr).
Eligible producers generating electricity from renewable sources, supply it to the transmission
or distribution system, depending on the voltage level they are connected to. The invoice for
the electricity supplied is issued to HROTE which pays such producers accordingly once a month
for the electricity supplied in accordance with the tariff system in force.
The scheme below shows us the incentive system in Croatia.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Opskrba (supplier) takes out the Renewable Energy Sources incentive charge and forwards it to
HROTE. HROTE collects the incentive charge and distributes it to eligible RES producers. All
customers pay to Opskrba both for electricity consumed and a RES incentive charge.
According to the Ordinance on Fees for Incentivizing Electricity Production from Renewable Energy
Sources and Cogeneration (Official Gazette 33/2007), that was passed by the Government of
Republic of Croatia, the incentive fee is collected from all electricity customers in Croatia starting
from 1 July 2007.
The collected fees are used by Croatian Energy Market Operator for payment of incentive price to
eligible producers for electricity delivered to the power system, in compliance with the Tariff
System for the Production of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources and Cogeneration (Official
Gazette 33/2007).
The incentive fee is collected through usual electricity payments, hence from tariff customers
through money order of HEP-Operator distribucijskog sustava d.o.o. (by specific distribution area)
and from eligible customers by their suppliers.
The amount on electricity bills due to incentive fee for year 2011 is 0.005 kn per kilowatt-hour
(kn/kWh) + VAT, according to the Ordinance on the Amendments to the Ordinance on Fees for
Incentivizing Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources and Cogeneration (Official
Gazette 8/2011). Every customer can easily calculate the amount he/she pays for stimulating
electricity production from renewable energy sources and cogeneration by multiplying the
electricity consumed (kWh) and the incentive fee (kn/kWh).
The next scheme shows us the collection and distribution of incentives for RESCO (Renewable
Energy Service Company) electricity production.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Recently, Croatia introduced feed-in tariffs as an incentive measure for electricity production
from renewable sources. For producers of electricity from renewable sources to qualify for
incentive tariffs, they should obtain the status of eligible producer. The decision to grant the
status is issued by the Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency (HERA). Electricity producers
generating electricity from renewable sources and having the status of eligible producers are
paid an incentive price in kn/kWh for the electricity supplied. Under the Tariff System for the
Production of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources and Cogeneration, purchase contracts
incorporating the incentive price are signed with HROTE for a period of 12 years. The feed-in
tariffs are divided according to plant capacity and the limit is 1 MW. The amount of tariffs also
depends on the share of the domestic component in a project and on the annual price
adjustment the details of which can be found in the Tariff System for Electricity Production
from Renewable Sources and Cogeneration.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The first step towards gaining the eligible producer status of RES-E and feed-in tariff is
obtaining the Preliminary energy approval for building the plant. The approval allows recording
at the Registry of RES and co-generation and eligible producers (Registar OIEiKPP -
http://oie.mingorp.hr/default.aspxid=24-), settles the legal proprietary relationship at the
area of Republic of Croatia and, depending on the project (i.e wind), one can start evaluating
the potential. The Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship is responsible for the
maintenance of the registry.
An eligible producer is an energy entity producing both electrical and thermal energy in a single
production facility, using waste or renewable energy sources in an economically appropriate
manner harmonized with environmental protection.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
HEP–Transmission System Operator and HEP–Distribution SystemsOperator will take the entire
amount of generated electricity from any eligible producer. The energy entity responsible for
electricity supply shall off-take a minimal share of electricity generated by incentivized eligible
producers in accordance with the conditions prescribed in the Ordinance on a Minimal Share of
Incentivized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources and Cogeneration.
The status of eligible producer is acquired by the decision of the Croatian Energy Regulatory
Agency in accordance with the Rules on Acquiring the Status of Electricity Eligible Producer
prescribed by the Minister of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship.
An eligible producer, apart from hydropower plants larger than 10 MW, can acquire the right to the
incentive price prescribed by the Tariff System for the Production of Electricity from Renewable
Energy Sources and Cogeneration.
The next scheme show us are to acquire the status of eligible producer.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The next scheme will show us the system of incentives for eligible producers
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The next scheme will show us the eligible producers’ contractual obligations within the system
of incentives
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Private investors
Adria Wind Power
Adria Wind Power is a wind power producer in Croatia since 1999. The company is an eligible
producer who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plants are
incentivized. Adria Wind Power planned capacity is 5 950 kW.
Vjetroelektrana TrTar-Krtolin d.o.o
VJETROELEKTRANA TrTar-Krtolin is a wind power producer in Croatia founded in 2002. The
owner is WPD International GmbH, Enersys Gesellschaft fur Regenerative Energien mbH. The
company is an eligible producer who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her
power plants are incentivized. Their planned capacity is 11,200 kW. The name of the power
plant: VJETROELEKTRANA TrTar-Krtolin. The power plant has been working since 2006 and is
located on the crest of the hill in TrTar-Krtolin (Šibenik).
Končar-Obnovljivi Izori d.o.o
Končar-Obnovljivi Izori is a wind power company owned by Končar. The company was born in
2008. They are the owners of the wind power plant in Pometeno Brdo (near the town of SPLIT)
for a planned capacity of 1 000 kW. The company is an eligible producer who signed the
Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plants are incentivized.
Končar plans to add 15 more wind turbines in the same location for a total of 17,500 kW
planned capacity. The Electricity Purchase Contract is signed with HROTE but the wind turbines
are not connected to the grid and are not incentivized.
Vjetroelektrana Orlice d.o.o
Vjetroelektrana ORLICE d.o.o has been a wind power company since 2006. It is also the name of
their power plant which has a planned capacity of 9 600 kW. The company is an eligible
producer who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plants are
incentivized.
Vjetroelektrana Crno Brdo d.o.o
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Vjetroelektrana CRNO BRDO d.o.o has CRNO BRDO wind power plants. 9 100 kW planned
activity. No incentives but a contract with HROTE is signed.
Selan d.o.o
Selan has been a wind power producer since 2006. The company is the owner of the power plant
Vjetroelektrana Vrataruša (42 000 kW planned capacity). This power plant is located near Senj
Vrataruša and has 14 wind turbines. The CEO is Ivan Hrelja. Selan is an eligible producer who
signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plants are incentivized. A
German company is the partner of the Croatian company (50% shares): Wallenborn. We should
notice the total investments on this project: 62 millions euro (1.7 millions HRK from the fund
for energy efficiency).
Velika Popina d.o.o
Velika Popina is a daughter company of Dalekovod. Dalekovod is an eligible producer who signed
the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plants are incentivized. They are the
owner of the wind farm Vjetroelektrana ZD6 for a planned capacity of 9 000 kW. It is the first
wind farm project without foreign investors but only one local. The value of electrical works in
this project amounts to 1,050,000.00 EUR. The wind power plant is located near Gračac and
consists of 4 wind turbines with a nominal power of 2.3 MW. The turbines that will be installed
are manufactured by Siemens. The total installed power of the wind farm will amount to 9.2
MW, and it is expected to produce an average of 26.000.000 kWh a year. This is the first in a
series of many projects dealing with renewable-energy sources currently in development at
Dalekovod d.d.
EKO d.o.o.
EKO d.o.o (a waste management company in Zadar) is the owner of the two wind power plants in ZADAR
for a total planned capacity of 36,000 kW. Actually, they signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with
HROTE but the two power plants are not connected to the grid and are not incentivized.
Mariomont d.o.o & Južni Jadran d.o.o
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Mariomont and Južni Jadran are Zagreb-based companies which sell solar photovoltaic system
for electricity production. Anđelka Majdandžić is the director of Mariomont. Both are eligible
producers who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. These power plants are
incentivized. Their planned capacity is 7.14 kW & 9 kW.
Kuća Stilin d.o.o
Kuća Stilin is a group of companes, whioch are eligible producers and signed the Electricity
Purchase Contract with HROTE. Their power plants are incentivized and their planned capacity
is 30 kW.
Rok Vincetić
The company is an eligible producer who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE
selling photovoltaic system. Her power plants are incentivized. Their planned capacity is 6.72
kW.
Mataković obrt za proizvodnju el. energije & Mataković stojna obrada metala
These two companies are eligible producers who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with
HROTE selling photovoltaic system. Their power plants are incentivized. Their planned capacity
is 30 kW.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Solektra d.o.o
This company signed with HROTE an Electricity Purchase Contract. The planned activity of this
company is about 29.95 kW. One of the power plants of this company is located in Križoptje
(Croatia). This company was born in 2010. They planned to construct four more power plants in
Drag. Selo, Vukanovec (x2) and Križoptje.
Solvis d.o.o
Solvis is a Croatian manufacturing and engineering company based in Brezje Commercial Zone
(Varaždin). They manufacture photovoltaic modules using crystalline silicon technology. The
company is an eligible producer who signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE but
some power plants have not been connected to the grid and they are not incentivized.
Grad Orahovica
This city obtained permits and agreements for photovoltaic power production. But also they
signed with HROTE an agreement. HROTE will purchase the electricity produce. The
planned capacity is 500 kW. The power plant name is Sunćana Elektrana Orahovica 1. For the
moment, the city do not have partner on this project.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Univerzal d.o.o
Univerzal is a Varaždin-based company. The speciality of this company is the recycling of metal
remains and traffic of secondary raw materials, collecting and storing non-hazardous and
hazardous waste. The September 22th 2010, the company became an eligible producer and
signed the Electricity Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plant is incentivized. They
realize solid biomass. The name of the power plant is Energana Varaždin with a planned
capacity of 2,740 kW.
Strizivojna Hrast d.o.o
Strizivojna Hrast d.o.o. is in the final stages of building a cogeneration plant and thus will
become the first owner of a biomass power plant in Croatia. The value of this investment is 15
million €. The planned activity is about 3,000 kW. HROTE decided to sign an Electricity Purchase
Contract.
PZ OSATINA-Semeljci & Bovis d.o.o
PZ Osatina is an agriculture cooperative. With more than 3,000 cows, they produce electricity
and since May 2009, this farm is an eligible producer and signed the Electricity Purchase
Contract with HROTE. Her power plant is incentivized. The planned capacity is 1,000 kW. It is a
Biogas from agricultural (corn) crops and organic waste from agriculture and food-processing
industry. Some farms of the cooperative have not been connected to the grid and are not
incentivized (Tomašanci).
EnviTec Biogas
EnviTec Biogas is a German company. In the industrial zone of Janjevci Miholjac, they plan to
produce 2,000 kW of electricity from biogas. They will hire 10 people for a successful project.
Building permit was received and the company also signed for HROTE an Electricity Purchase
Contract.
Termoplin d.d
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Termoplin is a Varaždin-based company. She is an eligible producer and signed the Electricity
Purchase Contract with HROTE. Her power plant (cogeneration technology) is incentivized. The
planned capacity is 33 kW.
Sladorana d.d
In September 2010, Sladorana became an eligible producer and signed the Electricity Purchase Contract
with HROTE. Her power plant (cogeneration technology) is incentivized. The planned capacity is
10,000 kW.
HSUSE
Created in 2004, HSUSE (Croatian Association for Solar Energy) is in Zagreb. The statutes are based
on Article 11 Law on associations. Ph.D. Ljubomir Majdandžić is the president of the Association.
The objectives of the Association are
-Promote use of solar energy at the local, regional and global levels.
-Establish a data bank of all installed projects that use solar energy with emphasis on the
ecological contribution.
-Actively participate in all projects that use renewable energy sources.
To achieve the above objectives the Association will use the following activities:
-education and counselling on the use of solar energy by organizing courses, workshops,
panel discussions, seminars, conferences and other meetings, and through the media,
-cooperation with domestic and international institutions regarding the use of solar energy,
-link between business, research institutions, local communities, government bodies and
other entities on projects that use solar energy,
-promotion and use of other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and rational use of
energy and other technologies and measures that contribute to sustainable development and
reducing environmental pollution,
The association will also use other media (internet sites, periodicals, newsletters, posters, etc.) in
accordance with the regulations on public information and publishing activities.
Contact :
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
J. Kavanjina 14 J. Kavanjina 14 10090 Zagreb 10090 Zagreb
Tel.: 00385 1 38 88 917 / Fax: 00 385 1 38 88 918
e-mail: hsuse@hsuse.hr web: www.hsuse.hr
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Description of renewable energy sources which can be used
in Croatia.
We shall first talk about advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources.
Advantages:
- Less fuel imports : sun and wind do not have to be imported like coal, gas or oil. In
addition, the use of energy renewable sources permits the diversification of energy sources.
- Employment
- Environmental protection
- Using ecological resources
- Decreasing GHG emissions
- Developing rural areas: most of the time, the RES power plants are not in urban areas.
As a result, they help to hire people in rural areas. In addition, transport routes and access
roads are built and open up the local population. Last but not leats, a huge benefit is the
monetary compensation the power plant’s owner is obligated to pay to the local community.
Disadvantages:
- Volatility of sources: Renewable energy sources are by their nature volatile and
unpredictable. For example, it is not possible to predict with complete certainty the
intensity of a wind or solar radiation in the short term or whether enough rain will fall to make
river flows enough for hydroelectric production or alike. By the way, there has to be a sufficient
reserve in the system of instantly available installed capacity capable of covering for the
shortage caused by a renewable source going out of operation (e.g. a wind power plant cannot
operate when there is no wind). Further, the power grid in a particular location can only
receive a certain amount of electricity without risking to be overloaded and jeopardize the
system stability. The greatest difficulties in feeding the grid occur with wind power plants,
which are therefore limited to the power acceptable for the grid and for the secure and stable
operation of the whole system.
- Low efficiency : The most efficient technology for electricity production is the
technology of hydro power plants, where about 80 % of water power is converted into
electricity.
One of the frequently mentioned disadvantages of renewable energy sources is their low power
density. The term is generally defined as the ratio of installed capacity (in MW) or energy
production (in GWh) to the area (in m2) occupied by the power plant. By definition, power
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
density increases with higher installed capacity or energy output and with lower area occupied
by the power plant. Also, due to natural changes in wind intensity or solar radiation, renewable
energy sources generally operate fewer hours at full capacity.
- High price : Power projects in general have a relatively high construction cost
compared with other construction projects such as residential or business buildings.
- This is due to their specific purpose and high security requirements.
High construction cost:
● For a renewable energy plant of a higher capacity, the construction cost per kW is lower
than the construction cost of a lower capacity plant.
● The most expensive technologies per kW for renewable sources are those that use tidal
waves, due to their special location (everything is situated in water), followed by
photovoltaic systems due to the complex construction of solar panels ( high purity
requirements for building material, special requirements for temperature, moisture,
etc.) and geothermal plants due to deep drills.
In comparison, the most expensive conventional technology per kW of installed capacity is the
nuclear technology, due to very high security requirements.
High cost of electricity production:
● The construction cost does not include the cost of the raw material (fuel) used to
generate electricity nor the cost of operation and maintenance of the plant, which are
very important in arriving at the cost of a plant’s electricity production.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
● The production cost includes all of these factors as well as the construction cost and is
usually expressed in a particular currency per kWh (e.g. HRK/kWh).
● A nuclear power plant is the most expensive to build but it has the lowest production
cost because it uses the least expensive fuel and generates large amounts of electricity,
which lowers the cost per kWh.
● For renewable energy, a source may be free of cost, but the high construction cost and
the low number of annual operating hours cause high electricity prices.
However, all of the constraints and difficulties can be overcome by performing a careful site
selection, measurements and studies, proper and professional selection of equipment, and by
using incentive prices for purchase of electricity from renewable sources (applied by Croatia
since recently) and good planning.
Wind Power
The first wind farm in Croatia was installed on the island of Pag the August 19th 2004. The total
amount of wind power plants which are incentives by HROTE is 78,750 kW -planned capacity- (plus
62,600 kw which are not incentivize but purchase by HROTE). It is expected that the installed
capacity of wind power in Croatia in 2020 will amount to 1200 MW. The dynamics of the
construction of wind farms will be determined in the Strategy Implementation Programme,
depending on the control capabilities of Croatian power system, able to balance the power system
to open the domestic electricity market, the ability of domestic industry and other operations to
participate in building a wind farm and the available budget for incentives.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Wind farms are a cost affordable renewable source for electricity generation. The investor’s
interest is high, which contributes to the regulated legal framework and in particular, good
guaranteed purchase price and maturity of the contract.
HEP-OTS has set the limit of 360 MW installed capacity of wind power plants to be safely included
in the Croatian power system.
Pag island example
The wind power installed capacity in PAG is 5950 kW. The name of this project is MVE Flat one.
In this place, strong winds greater than 40 meters per second are frequent. As a consequence,
Adria Wind Power chose the Danish company Vestas (www.vestas.com) for the wind turbine. As
the overall equipment was previously manufactured at the plant, the assembly took only three
days. In two days, the teams carried out mechanical assembly, in the third they combined
power and control cables.
Plan of the wind turbine use MVE Flat 1 farm
The construction of this farm had three phases. For a start, they excavated and laid
foundations. Afetrwards, they dug the foundations with depth and dimensions of 2.5 meters
11.5x11.5 meters which are then aligned and reinforced with 19 tons of steel. A total of 170
cubic meters of concrete was used to secure the foundations.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
After workers built a ring weighs 4.5 tons, which serves as the base tower. Steel-reinforced
foundations tend to 483 tons, and the overall design weight is 850 tons.
Secondly came the excavation and the installation of cables. On the rocky soil are excavated
channels where 4 500 meters of cable of 3x185 mm square and 3 800 meters of optical fibre
cable were placed. In the ground, workers built a place for the transformer where the
electricity produced by the wind turbine is transformed for the distribution network. From the
site of wind electricity, the electricity produced is submitted to the Zadar electric distribution
area.
Thirdly came transportation. Wind power is supplied fully factory tested and equipped with all
necessary equipment for power generation, automatic control, and with all the protective
functions for fully autonomous operation.
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The tower is composed of two segments of the overall height of 47 m: The first segment is 23 m
high, and another 24 m.
Fourthly was the assembly of the wind turbine. With two cranes for installation, one of which is
400, and another 60 tonnes, there is a body pillar. The total weight is 51 ton, the diameter at
the bottom of 3.3 meters, and on top of pillars 2.2 meters. After you set the body pillars, raises
the head wind. Mounting the rotor blades to Glavicine is done on the ground. They are made of
fiberglass, are 25.3 meters long, and no beds tend to 1.9 tons. The rotor has 10 tons; its
diameter is 52 meters, a surface treatment 2124 square meters. On Glavicine three flanges
combine blades, and around it raises the plastic sheathing of aerodynamic shapes. A crane then
lifted the rotor that connects to the drive shaft and mechanical installation is completed. On
location there is a set of seven turbines, whosepower is 850 kW each.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Biomass Power
The total amount of Biomass power plants who are incentivize by HROTE is 2,740 kW -planned
capacity- (+3 950 kW only buy by HROTE not incentivized) .
The company Strizivojna Hrast d.o.o decided in 2009 to increase his energy efficiency by using
wood residue. The reason of this project is the inability of HEP’s grid to supply sufficient
electricity. The utilization of this renewable energy source has also as a goal the maximum use
of raw material, in addition to significant savings and a better protection of the environment.
This project was the first pilot project in Croatia concerning plant-based wood production.
Total cost of the project: 115 millions HRK. Commercial bank, HEP ESCO, LOCAL BOARD, HBOR,
FZOE will help the company for financing of the project. Expected return on investments is 4.5
years. The internal rate of return is 27,68. He is higher than the interest rate (8%), so clearly
this project is profitable.
The built energy source consists on a steam boiler, steam turbine, air cooled condensers, heat
stations and other equipment and the generate power is 3.3 MW (effective technology). She also
uses waste heat and any large range of raw materials (chaff, pellets and briquettes). The
combustion of the wood does not create SO2 and CO2 but also the chemical composition does
not contain sulphur. The next scheme shows us the process of obtaining wood-fuel:
Ele : Electricity
Kog.postroj: Cogeneration
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Oplemenjivanje DRVA (sušenje, parenjeje, obrada) : wood processing
Poluproizvodi: semi-product
Trupci: Trunk (logg)
Ogrjev: wood for heating
Iskorišt. ostatka: Using of wood residue
SCHEME OF A COGENERATION PLANT
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Small hydro power
The total amount of hydro power plants which are incentivized by HROTE is 30 kW (planned
capacity).
The overall technically exploitable hydro potential in the Republic of Croatia in hydropower is
estimated at 12.45 TWh / yr. From this potential in hydroelectric power, plants are currently using
6.13 TWh / yr or 49.2%. About 10% of the total potential waste the potential of small rivers (about
1 TWh / yr).
The research potential of small streams in Croatia was carried out through the cadastre of small
hydro power (up to 5 MW). Cadastre based on small hydro power made the cadastre of small
hydropower plants with 67 potential sites for small hydro power plants, but due to various
restrictions that number was reduced to 18 projects on the river 6.
In hydro power 5 to 10 MW, according to available sources, it is possible to build 125 MW. However,
additional research is expected to reduce that number. The Republic of Croatia set as a goal the
construction of at least 100 MW of small hydro power plants by the 2020.
Due to high specific investments and restrictions related to the impact on the environment,
protection of cultural/historical heritage and landscapes, that goal will be difficult to achieve. In
order to achieve the defined objectives, the strategy of the Republic of Croatia will be: to
encourage the study of the remaining water flows, to determine the exact location and resources,
to build and facilitate administrative procedures for obtaining permits (especially below 5 MW
hydro) and energy legislation, to harmonize legislation and water management.
Geothermal power
This is produced on the surface and used for energy purposes, in the long tradition of exploiting
geothermal energy from natural sources of spillover. Today, we use geothermal water from shallow
wells. Earlier, oil and gas sources have been developed in Croatia as well as techniques and
technologies for the extraction of geothermal energy from deep reservoirs.
The use of geothermal energy is economically viable because of existing geothermal wells and hightemperature
deposits with future potential.
The Republic of Croatia will encourage the production of electricity for the multi-purpose use of
geothermal energy (development of economic zones with the use of waste heat from geothermal
power plants).
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
In addition to producing electricity, the Republic of Croatia will encourage the utilization of
geothermal energy for the tourist and recreational facilities, but also for space heating, hot water,
agricultural production, industrial processing of agricultural products, fish, etc.
Biogas Power
The Republic of Croatia Strategy sets the goal that the agricultural production for energy use in
2020 should be equivalent to at least 20% of total livestock units, and thus produce about 2.6 PJ of
energy from biogas or about 100 million m3 of biogas.
Croatia will encourage the production and use of biogas, domestic production of biogas plants and
the construction of distributed energy resources (usable for the needs of the farm themselves, but
also the local community) for disposal of waste from agricultural production, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, but also to encourage the development of agricultural economy.
The total amount of biogas power plants that are incentivized by HROTE is 2,000 kW (planned
capacity).
This production of energy came from raw material like mixture of manure and corn silage.
With the next pictures, we will introduce the production of this energy.
Containers for disposal of liquid phase - After fermentation, the separator separates solid from
liquid phase, liquid phase is subjected to further maturation and is used in irrigation, and solid
phase synthesis is used as humus
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Cogeneration unit - internal combustion engines, powered by biogas, which stimulates the
generator produced electricity (heat is released as a by-product), electric energy shall be
delivered by SUBSTATION directly into the network.
STAJNJAK = manure
Kukuruzna silaža = corn silage
fermentacija = fermentation
BIOPLIN = Biogas
sirovina za sintezu humusa = raw material for the synthesis of humus
gnojnica za navodnjavanje = slurry for irrigation
Kogeneracijski uređaj = cogeneration plant
električna energija = electricty energy
toplinska energija = thermal energy
Photovoltaic power
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
The total amount of Photovoltaic power plants who are incentivize by HROTE is 58.86 kW
(planned capacity).
Thanks to its geographical position, Croatia has favourable conditions for exploiting solar
energy. In the southern part of Croatia, annual production of classic photovoltaic system
amounts to 1 000 to 1 330 kWh per installed kWh of power while in the continental part of
Croatia it’s amounts to 1 000 to 1 100 per installer kWh of power. The average annual solar
irradiation on horizontal surfaces is displayed in the image below.
We will take the example of the company Solvis for illustrate the use of photovoltaic power in
Croatia.
The most significant installations of the company are:
-solar power plant SOLVIS in Varaždin (21 kW). This power plant started to work in
November 5th 2009. It permits to avoid approximately 6 ton of CO2.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
SOLVIS used SOLVIS 60-215 modules. You will see below his characteristics.
SOLVIS also used:
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Inverter:
Sensors:
Communication:
3 Sunny Mini Central 7000TL
Sunny Sensor Box
2 Sunny Web Box
The scheme under show us the production of a solar module in SOLVIS company:
SOLVIS Company produces photovoltaic system for industrial plants, residential facilities (solar
plants on house roofs). The system can be:
- Link to the grid (connexion to the public power system)
- An island/autonomous (when the place is far away or inaccessible from the grid) and
the obtained energy is used for own needs
- own consumption plants (households) :the produced energy can be completely
consumed for own needs or partially consumed with the remaining energy being released to the
grid and incentives received.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Biodiesel in Croatia
The introduction of biofuel was started by the Republic of Croatia on the 30th of November 2000 as part of
the National energy program BIOEN. Before the study was obducted, its authors decided that all
prerequisites needed to be met first. They chose an approach, which seemed most promising and most
succesful when experimented in other countries. Biofuel is supposed to be used for specific categories and
bio components are added to Eurodiesel (they must not exceed 5%).
The role of biomass is becoming more and more important. In 1990 the world's energy consumption equalled
376.8 (EJ), it is estimated to rise to 586 and 837 (EJ). For the Republic of Croatia there is a number of
motivations to switch over to biofuel in order to protect the environment, new work places are created and
there is greater diversification of the production in industry or agriculture. It is also a way of abiding by the
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obligations imposed by the EU and other agreements, like the European Commision's directive on the
promotion of biofuel or the Kyoto protocol.
The European Comission picked out three kinds of fuels as an alternative to fossil fuels: 1) biofuel 2) natural
gas 3) hydrogen.
The market share of biofuel has increased from 0.2% in 2002 to 0.8% in 2004. Around 90% of biofuel
consumption in Croatia is covered by its domestic raw materials, while 10% stems from imports. Due to
the growing petrol prices and the dark environmental forecasts, Europe is turning towards biofuel and it
is in Croatia's interest to keep up
Biodiesel Production in Croatia
Since December 12th 2006, Vitrex d.o.o has been the main producer of Biodiesel in Croatia. The
Biodiesel is produced with waste cooking oil and other oilseeds. Raw material is collected in the
whole country among 4,000 partners. The company owned by Mr Marijan Keserić received an
accreditation for the collection and recycling of waste edible oil. This accreditation came from
the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction. The company is
the only one with a Hera (Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency) licence for biofuel production.
To be a partner, you should follow these steps:
• Contact Vitrex d.o.o and leave some details : http://www.vitrex.hr/forma2.php
• Sign a contract regarding the disposal of waste cooking oil
• A container of 60 liters will be provided by Vitrex
• Regularly, the partner has to inform Vitrex about the waste cooking oil he collected
The service is free of charge.
The price of Biodiesel varies between 5.48 kn/l. and 6.02 kn/l.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Contact :
Vitrex D.O.O
Zbora narodne garde 3
33 000 Virovitica – Croatia
Tel: +385 (0)33 721-168/ Fax : +385 (0)33 726-253 / E-mail : vitrex@vt.htnet.hr
Marijan Keserić
Mobile: +385 (0)98 980-2246
Following the environmental standards, in the year 2007, ZET started to use biodiesel in public
transportation vehicles. ZET (Zagrebački Električni Tramvaj –responsible for public transport in
Zagreb-) had 300 buses. In 2008, the company substituted the ex-fleet by 214 new buses
produced by MAN, Mercedes-Benz and Citelis. 60 of them are using compressed gas. Additional
assistance for this investment was provided through the CIVITAS-ELAN programme. This project
is financed by the European Union. Through this project, five cities (Ljubljana, Gent, Zagreb,
Brno and Porto) cooperate in order to develop clean mobility solutions.
Other Biofuel companies in Croatia
1) INGRA doo
Address: Alexandra von Humboldta 4b
10000 Zagreb
Croatia
www.ingra.hr Tel.: + 385 1 6102 555 Fax.: +385 6150 387
Activities: Power supply, Industry, Civil Engineering, Assembly, Telecommunications and Trade
2) Europa Mil Biogoriva doo
Address: Trpinjska Cesta 215
32 000 Vukovar, Croatia
Activities: Production of bio fuel, bio mass, retraction of raw oil and natural gas, trade etc. Inside
of Croatia and abroad
http://hr.kompass.com/live/hr/HR221142/europa-mil-biogoriva-doo.html
3) Bio Adria doo
Adress: Kraljice Jelene 6
10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Phone: +385 1 4619 364
Fax: +385 1 4621 471
Contact person: Martin Petričević
http://www.cro-ponuda.eu/138/214/bio-adria-doo.html
Links.
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Renewable Energy in Croatia
Hera is a state institution. HERA's obligations, authorities and responsibilities are based on the
Act on the Regulation of Energy Activities, the Energy Act and other acts regulating specific
energy activities.
The Energy Act:
http://www.hera.hr/english/documents/pdf/OG_2001_1120.pdf
The Electricity Market Act: http://www.hera.hr/english/documents/pdf/OG_2004_3078.pdf
The Act on the regulation of Energy Activities:
http://www.hera.hr/english/documents/pdf/OG_2004_3077.pdf
The Act on the amendments to the Act on the regulation of Energy Activities:
http://www.hera.hr/english/documents/pdf/OG_2007_2400.pdf
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP Group) is a national electricity company
Grid Code:
http://www.hep.hr/ops/en/documents/Grid_Code.pdf
HROTE is a state institution supervised by HERA.
Electricity Market Rules:
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/dokumenti/electricity_market_rules.pdf
Ordinance on acquiring the Status of Eligible Electricity Producer:
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Documents/Ordinance_Acquiring_EEP_Status.pdf
Tariff System for the Production of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources and
Cogeneration:
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Documents/RESCO_Tariff_System.pdf
General Conditions for Electricity Supply:
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Documents/General_Conditions_for_Electricity_Supply.pdf
Form of the request for Electricity Purchase Contract (Renewable Energy):
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Documents/Request_for_Electricity_Purchase_Contract_V3R1.p
df
Form of the Invitation to sign Electricity Purchase Contract Renewable Energy):
Embassy of Belgium - Economic and Commercial Office - February 2011 63

Renewable Energy in Croatia
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Documents/Invitation_to_sign_Electricity_Purchase_Contract.p
df
Learn more about Renewable Energy Sources:
http://www.hrote.hr/hrote/en/Learn/Renewable/default.aspx
Renewable energy legislation and energy efficiency labelling:
http://releel.mingorp.hr/default.aspxid=39
Embassy of Belgium - Economic and Commercial Office - February 2011 64