Environmental Impact Statement - radioactive monticello

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Environmental Impacts of Alternatives using wood waste for fuel would be built at smaller scales. Like coal-fired plants, wood-waste plants require large areas for fuel storage and processing and involve the same type of combustion equipment. The biomass power generating capacity in MAPP was 160 MW(e) in 2004 and is not expected to increase through 2025 (DOE/EIA 2004). Due to uncertainties associated with obtaining sufficient wood and wood waste to fuel a baseload generating facility, ecological impacts of large-scale timber cutting (e.g., soil erosion and loss of wildlife habitat), and high inefficiency, the staff has determined that wood waste is not a feasible alternative to renewing the Monticello OL. 8.2.6.7 Municipal Solid Waste Municipal waste combustors incinerate the waste and use the resultant heat to generate steam, hot water, or electricity. The combustion process can reduce the volume of waste by up to 90 percent and the weight of the waste by up to 75 percent (EPA 2001). Municipal waste combustors use three basic types of technologies: mass burn, modular, and refuse-derived fuel (DOE/EIA 2001). Mass burning technologies are most commonly used in the United States. This group of technologies process raw municipal solid waste "as is," with little or no sizing, shredding, or separation before combustion. Growth in the municipal waste combustion industry slowed dramatically during the 1990s after rapid growth during the 1980s. The slower growth was due to three primary factors: (1) the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which made capital-intensive projects such as municipal waste combustion facilities more expensive relative to less capital-intensive waste disposal alternative such as landfills; (2) the 1994 Supreme Court decision (C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown), which struck down local flow control ordinances that required waste to be delivered to specific municipal waste combustion facilities rather than landfills that may have had lower fees; and (3) increasingly stringent environmental regulations that increased the capital cost necessary to construct and maintain municipal waste combustion facilities (DOE/EIA 2001). The decision to burn municipal waste to generate energy is usually driven by the need for an alternative to landfills rather than by energy considerations. The use of landfills as a waste disposal option is likely to increase in the near term; however, it is unlikely that many landfills will begin converting waste to energy because of unfavorable economics, particularly with electricity prices declining in real terms. In 2002, only 110 MW(e) of municipal solid waste generating capacity was available in MAPP, and only 10 MW(e) of additional capacity is anticipated to be developed in the region through 2025 (DOE/EIA 2004). Municipal solid waste combustors generate an ash residue that is buried in landfills. The ash residue is composed of bottom ash and fly ash. Bottom ash refers to that portion of the unburned waste that falls to the bottom of the grate or furnace. Fly ash represents the small NUREG-1437, Supplement 26 8-48 August 2006 1
Environmental Impacts of Alternatives particles that rise from the furnace during the combustion process. Fly ash is generally removed from flue-gases using fabric filters and/or scrubbers (DOE/EIA 2001). Currently there are approximately 102 waste-to-energy plants operating in the United States. These plants generate approximately 2800 MW(e), or an average of approximately 28 MW(e) per plant (IWSA 2004), much smaller than needed to replace the Monticello site. The initial capital costs for municipal solid-waste plants are greater than for comparable steam-turbine technology at wood-waste facilities. This is due to the need for specialized waste-separation and -handling equipment for municipal solid waste (NRC .1996). Furthermore, estimates in the GElS suggest that the overall level of construction impact from a waste-fired plant should be approximately the same as that for a coal-fired plant. Additionally, waste-fired plants have the same or greater operational impacts (including impacts on the aquatic environment, air, and waste disposal). Some of these impacts would be moderate, but still larger than the environmental effects of license renewal of Monticello. Therefore, municipal solid waste would not be a feasible alternative to renewal of the Monticello OL, particularly at the scale required. 8.2.6.8 Other Biomass-Derived Fuels In addition to wood and municipal solid-waste fuels, there are several other concepts for fueling electric generators, including burning crops, converting crops to a liquid fuel such as ethanol, and gasifying crops (including wood waste). In the GELS, the staff points out that none of these technologies has progressed to the point of being competitive on a large scale or of being reliable enough to replace a baseload plant such as Monticello. For these reasons, such fuels do not offer a feasible alternative to renewal of the Monticello OL. 8.2.6.9 Fuel Cells Fuel cells work without combustion and its environmental side effects. Power is produced electrochemically by passing a hydrogen-rich fuel over an anode and air over a cathode and separating the two by an electrolyte. The only by-products are heat, water, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen fuel can come from a variety of hydrocarbon resources by subjecting them to steam under pressure. Natural gas is typically used as the source of hydrogen. Phosphoric acid fuel cells are generally considered first-generation technology. These fuel cells are commercially available at cost of approximately $4500 per kilowatt of installed capacity. By contrast, a diesel generator costs $800 to $1500 per kilowatt, and a natural gas turbine can be even less (DOE 2004). Higher-temperature second-generation fuel cells achieve higher fuel-to-electricity and thermal efficiencies. The higher temperatures contribute to improved efficiencies and give the second-generation fuel cells the capability to generate steam for cogeneration and combined-cycle operations. DOE has a performance target to reduce the cost of fuel cells to $400 per kilowatt by 2010 (DOE 2004). August 2006 8-49 NUREG-1 437, Supplement 26 I
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NUREG-1437 Supplement 26 Generic En
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Generic Environmental Impact Statem
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Abstract The U.S. Nuclear Regulator
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Contents Abstract........... ......
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Contents 4.8.7 Conclusions Regardin
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Figures Figure 2-1. Figure 2-2. Fig
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Contents Table 5-1. Category 1 Issu
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Executive Summary The Commission ha
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Executive Summary NMC and the staff
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0 degree pCi microcurie(s) pCi/mL m
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Abbreviations/Acronyms IPE IPEEE J
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Abbreviations/Acronyms rem REMP RHR
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Introduction and (4) present the st
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Introduction (1) The environmental
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Introduction I assessment of the re
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Introduction This definition of pur
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2.0 Description of Nuclear Power Pl
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Description of Site and Environment
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Descfiption of Site and Environment
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Table 2-10. Land Use in Sherburne C
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Environmental Impacts of Refurbishm
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Environmental Impacts of Refurbishm
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Environmental Impacts of Operation
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Environmental Impacts of the Uraniu
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Page 170 and 171: Environmental Impacts of Decommissi
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Page 233 and 234: Summary and Conclusions The GElS co
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Page 243 and 244: Appendix A: Comments Received on th
Page 245 and 246: Appendix A Commenter ID Commenter A
Page 247 and 248: Appendix A A.1 Comments and Respons
Page 249 and 250: Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant
Page 251 and 252: 3. General Comments Regarding Licen
Page 253 and 254: Appendix A nuclear power (I) and Mo
Page 255 and 256: Appendix A scoping process. If an i
Page 257 and 258: Appendix A Comment: The NRC does no
Page 259 and 260: Appendix A Comment: The EIS needs t
Page 261 and 262: Appendix A Comment: The EIS needs t
Page 263 and 264: Appendix A cognitive impairment. We
Page 265 and 266: Appendix A Despite available eviden
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Appendix A The NRC fails to acknowl
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the coal chain What about all the s
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gasification generation balanced ag
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Appendix A 14. Comments Concerning
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Appendix A Part II Comments Receive
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Appendix A Table A-2. (contd) Comme
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Appendix A Table A-2. (contd) Comme
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Appendix A A.2.4 General Comments i
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Appendix A Comment: Page 2-7, Line
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Appendix A turns out that we don't
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Appendix A A.2.12 Comments Concerni
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Appendix A Response: As described a
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information in the Final SEIS as pa
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Appendix A Response: The impacts to
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Appendix A Response: The text in Se
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aging management aspects of the lic
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Appendix A A-2 PURVES TODD: Just ba
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Appendix A PURVES TODD: Thank you v
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Appendix A So you don't look for wh
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Appendix A Yes CHUCK HOSTOVSKY: I t
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Appendix A information a little bit
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Appendix A Return-path: Received:
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Appendix A tAY-W8-2006 11! 07 'ENCL
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Appendix A ta W.Y United States Dep
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Appendix A MAY-17-206 13:11 P.04 U.
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Appendix A IMAY-17-20O6 13:12 P.06
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Appendix B Contributors to the Supp
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Appendix B Name Karen McWilliams Na
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Appendix C: Chronology of NRC Staff
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Appendix C May 27, 2005 May 27, 200
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Appendix C June 1,2005 June 2, 2005
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Appendix C January 23, 2006 Februar
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Appendix D Organizations Contacted
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Appendix D Wright County Assessor,
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Appendix E: Nuclear Management Comp
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Cn N0 Table E-2. (contd) Expiration
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Appendix E UNITED STATES -" NUCLEAR
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Appendix E N. Archabal -2- potentia
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Appendix E D. Stinnett -2- miles of
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Appendix E FIGURE 2.1-3 SITE BOUNDA
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Appendix E Common Name Scientific N
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Appendix E A. Stinnet : -2- ' !We a
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Appendix E 1.0 Introdution. The U.S
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Appendix E 6-M.LE SITE VICINITY Fig
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Appendix E agriculture and industri
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Appendix E -" .. " MWNTICELLO 345-K
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Appendix E Table 2. Terrestrial and
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Appendix E During the June 2005 sit
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Appendix E Vegetation management ma
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Appendix E Lehman, R.N. 2001. Rapto
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Appendix E MAY-31-206 15:31 P.02 MI
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Appendix F GElS Environmental Issue
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Appendix F References 10 CFR Part 5
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Appendix G: NRC Staff Evaluation of
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Appendix G Table G-1. Monticello Co
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Appendix G * The MACCS2 analyses pe
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Appendix G relative risk significan
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" Permanently posting an operator a
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Appendix G accident sequences to em
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Appendix G The staff noted that the
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Appendix G (testing of the boron in
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somewhat higher than what would act
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C Cn N, a) % Risk Reduction Total B
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Appendix G G.6 Cost-Benefit Compari
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Appendix G monetary equivalent of u
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Appendix G * SAMA 16- provide passi
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Appendix G several other SAMAs, res
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Appendix G Generating Plant, Docket
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NRC FORM 335 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATOR
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