Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
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<strong>Identity</strong> construction <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Balkan region - Austrian <strong>in</strong>terests and <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> a historical perspective<br />
to Austrian rulers. After a short period <strong>the</strong> Habsburg colonial adm<strong>in</strong>istration was able<br />
to present itself – at least at home and vis-à-vis <strong>the</strong> so-called <strong>in</strong>ternational community –<br />
as a civiliz<strong>in</strong>g and moderniz<strong>in</strong>g force, ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> support of Muslim elites not only by<br />
respect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir religion, but also by acknowledg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir specific Bosniak nationality,<br />
comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Slavic language with Muslim belief. While Bosnia seemed to be a success<br />
story, <strong>the</strong> Compromise of 1867 with <strong>the</strong> Hungarian elites, who <strong>in</strong>sisted on political<br />
autonomy for <strong>the</strong> lands of <strong>the</strong> Hungarian Crown, realized through <strong>the</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g up of <strong>the</strong><br />
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (also known as <strong>the</strong> Dual Monarchy or k.u.k. (kaiserlich<br />
und königlich) Monarchy), was a sign of <strong>in</strong>ternal weakness. After <strong>the</strong> settlement relat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Dual Monarchy, <strong>the</strong> Hungarian government was free to pursue <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
nationality policies with<strong>in</strong> its sub-empire which contradicted <strong>the</strong> Austrian ones. While<br />
Austria relied on <strong>the</strong> multi-ethnic character of dynastic rule, Hungary aimed at national<br />
homogenization through Magyarization. In Croatia-Slavonia Hungarian centralization<br />
met Croatian resistance, open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> path to <strong>the</strong> Croatian Compromise (1868), which<br />
meant a streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> Croatian elites.<br />
Austrian geopolitical strength demonstrated through its expansion <strong>in</strong>to Bosnia soon<br />
turned <strong>in</strong>to a trap <strong>in</strong> an economic and political sense. Expensive <strong>in</strong>frastructural projects<br />
did not pay socially and politically. A consensus could not be reached with <strong>the</strong> Serbian<br />
population <strong>in</strong> Bosnia as it was def<strong>in</strong>ed dynastically under Habsburg rule. Already <strong>the</strong><br />
Compromise with Hungary, which had to be re-negotiated every ten years, as well as<br />
German-Czech tensions <strong>in</strong> Bohemia and Moravia, fuelled by Czech disappo<strong>in</strong>tment<br />
at be<strong>in</strong>g denied regional autonomy for <strong>the</strong> lands of <strong>the</strong> Bohemian Crown, showed that<br />
Vienna was not able to solve national questions with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> dynastic concept. So <strong>the</strong> year<br />
1878 can also be seen as <strong>the</strong> year of birth of a national Serbian resistance movement<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st Austria-Hungary.<br />
1914-1918: from “Sarajevo” to <strong>the</strong> collapse<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Habsburg Empire and <strong>the</strong> rise<br />
of <strong>the</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (K<strong>in</strong>gdom of SHS)<br />
1914<br />
The name of Gavrilo Pr<strong>in</strong>cip for generations was used as <strong>the</strong> shortest way to take a<br />
stand on <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>volvement of Austrian <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Balkan region. It took 70 years<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> attempt on <strong>the</strong> Habsburg heir, till <strong>the</strong> memory of Pr<strong>in</strong>cip had turned<br />
symbolically from hero <strong>in</strong>to murderer <strong>in</strong> Sarajevo. Collective identity changed and<br />
aga<strong>in</strong> took <strong>the</strong> ideological and historic parameters of <strong>the</strong> official Austrian position <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> early 1990 s .<br />
The attack on Crown Pr<strong>in</strong>ce Ferd<strong>in</strong>and on 28 June 1914, and its effects on <strong>the</strong> Austrian<br />
perception of Balkan nationalities, cannot be understood without its pre-history, <strong>the</strong><br />
occupation of Bosnia and Herzegov<strong>in</strong>a (1878) and its formal annexation <strong>in</strong> 1908. In spite<br />
of its doubtful economic benefit, Bosnia and Herzegov<strong>in</strong>a was an important region for<br />
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