Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
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From productivity to creativity - <strong>the</strong> role of art collectives <strong>in</strong> solv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> contradictions...<br />
In this exposé, already by <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> 1980s, <strong>the</strong>re was a very strong tendency among<br />
<strong>the</strong> art and cultural networks to believe that Yugoslavian socialist society was an obstacle<br />
to <strong>the</strong> normal flow of capital (“obstacle <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest groups of corporate capital”) and<br />
humanistic spiritual emancipation, and because of that entropic situation its destruction<br />
was <strong>in</strong>evitable. Bakal’s alternative of “network<strong>in</strong>g normalization” is still <strong>the</strong> prevail<strong>in</strong>g<br />
one: first because it gives a broadly representative and democratically neo-liberalist<br />
justification for art collectives and, second, because it postulates that activities are still<br />
part of <strong>the</strong> lively artistic and cultural collectives and networks <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
In addition, Bakal and his colleagues, immediately after “<strong>the</strong> savagery of nationalist<br />
extremism”, founded <strong>the</strong> Anti-War Campaign of Croatia (AWCC), which ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r many different <strong>in</strong>itiatives which did not identify with <strong>the</strong> savagery of <strong>the</strong><br />
early 1990s. The organization, which had collaborated with various opposition groups,<br />
such as Hare Krishna and <strong>the</strong> gay movements, and also had <strong>in</strong>ternational collaboration<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Catholic University of Louva<strong>in</strong>-la-Neuve, gave rise to <strong>the</strong> most alternative<br />
journal – Arkz<strong>in</strong>. The ideology which this network <strong>in</strong>itiated, accord<strong>in</strong>g to Bakal,<br />
led to <strong>the</strong> formation of a successful cooperation network, Zagreb <strong>Cultural</strong> Capital<br />
3000. Bakal’s advice for this social utopia is “tangible revenue”, which he def<strong>in</strong>es as:<br />
“surplus social value of <strong>the</strong> community, deriv<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> quality and creativity of <strong>the</strong><br />
collective, becomes a precondition for a potential surplus of <strong>the</strong> production value of<br />
community” (Bakal, 2006: 420). This def<strong>in</strong>ition has all <strong>the</strong> attributes of art and cultural<br />
networks ideal collaboration with managerial, national and democratic representational<br />
tendencies. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong>se cultural networks and collectives <strong>the</strong>y will have a crucial<br />
role <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> restoration of <strong>the</strong> previous dogmatic collectives, and by <strong>the</strong> very def<strong>in</strong>ition of<br />
its nature this will allow <strong>the</strong> coexistence of different and antagonistic tendencies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
same system of cultural production.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g two examples I will try to demonstrate what has been transformed<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conceptualization of <strong>the</strong> collectives through <strong>the</strong> cultural policies determ<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
by <strong>the</strong> transition-based discourses. My proposal is that <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ideology of transition,<br />
“productivity”, as <strong>the</strong> constitutive element of <strong>the</strong> concept of <strong>the</strong> collective, has been<br />
replaced or suppressed by experiential and psychological terms, such as creation or<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual emancipation. This transformation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> conceptualization of <strong>the</strong> collective<br />
is also visible <strong>in</strong> many exhibitions realized by East European curators. In order to<br />
demonstrate this transformation of <strong>the</strong> value of collectivism from productivity to<br />
creativity, it is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g to have a look at <strong>the</strong> remarkable exhibition Collective Creativity<br />
curated by <strong>the</strong> collective WHW (What, How and for Whom), <strong>in</strong> 2005 at Kunsthalle<br />
Fridericianum, Kassel. In <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>troductory text of <strong>the</strong> catalogue <strong>the</strong> curators are try<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
expla<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> diffusion of collective-based art practice from a geographical po<strong>in</strong>t of view<br />
l<strong>in</strong>ked to places with similar “troubles with modernism”, namely, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> text,<br />
East European countries, primarily <strong>the</strong> former Yugoslavia, and some Lat<strong>in</strong> American<br />
countries. But it is difficult to understand <strong>the</strong> relationship between collectivism <strong>in</strong><br />
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