Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
Cultural Identity Politics in the (Post-)Transitional Societies
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<strong>Cultural</strong> <strong>Identity</strong> <strong>Politics</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> (<strong>Post</strong>-)<strong>Transitional</strong> <strong>Societies</strong><br />
can be monitored (Rogers, 2009).<br />
This does not mean that national borders are be<strong>in</strong>g transferred <strong>in</strong>to cyberspace<br />
although such attempts at regulat<strong>in</strong>g national cyberspace do exist. 12 Cyberspace<br />
is not immune to pre-exist<strong>in</strong>g power relations and <strong>the</strong> tension between public<br />
and private <strong>in</strong>terests is built <strong>in</strong>to it from its <strong>in</strong>ception. At <strong>the</strong> current stage it does<br />
enable communicative potentials but under specific conditions. Through social<br />
media cyberspace is a global space which enables a draw<strong>in</strong>g and redraw<strong>in</strong>g of social<br />
boundaries between dispersed social actors. In that sense we can monitor cultural<br />
changes and societal conditions.<br />
Technological context for cultural identity play: <strong>the</strong> case of Facebook<br />
When it comes to social media, users do not experience <strong>the</strong> Internet as a hyperreality<br />
nor for that matter as a technical medium but through construct<strong>in</strong>g mean<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong><br />
relationship to technology (e.g. different web platforms) or o<strong>the</strong>r humans. As H<strong>in</strong>e<br />
(2000: 21) suggests “…once we th<strong>in</strong>k of cyberspace as a place where people do th<strong>in</strong>gs,<br />
we can start to study just exactly what it is <strong>the</strong>y do and why, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir terms, <strong>the</strong>y do<br />
it”. Her approach to <strong>the</strong> relationship between culture and technology is twofold. The<br />
Internet is a cultural artefact mean<strong>in</strong>g that people have ideas about what it is through<br />
its use <strong>in</strong> different social contexts (H<strong>in</strong>e, 2000: 30). The Internet is also culture s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
it provides an onl<strong>in</strong>e context for social relations to be realized (H<strong>in</strong>e, 2000: 17).<br />
Facebook is basically <strong>the</strong> result of an agreement between users who use <strong>the</strong> service<br />
without charge and <strong>the</strong> US company which draws enormous profits from advertis<strong>in</strong>g<br />
revenues. Unlike earlier forms of virtual communities <strong>in</strong> which communication<br />
was done through undisclosed identities which enabled <strong>the</strong> possibilities of limitless<br />
identity play (Turkle, 2004: 108), Facebook is based on high self-presentation levels<br />
(Kaplan and Haenle<strong>in</strong>, 2010: 63). It is not a place where people meet strangers,<br />
although it is also possible, but a service which allows <strong>in</strong>dividuals to articulate and<br />
make visible <strong>the</strong>ir pre-exist<strong>in</strong>g social networks (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). 13<br />
12<br />
The Golden Shield project <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a, often referred to as “The Great Firewall of Ch<strong>in</strong>a” or <strong>the</strong> “National<br />
Strategy to Secure Cyberspace” <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> US which is a part of <strong>the</strong> Homeland Security strategy.<br />
13<br />
Some empirical research results confirm this po<strong>in</strong>t (e.g. Lampe, Ellison and Ste<strong>in</strong>field, 2008;<br />
Jo<strong>in</strong>son, 2008).<br />
92