Table of Contents - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC

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Section 1: Introduction Table 1-1: Major Features of the CALMET Meteorological Model • Boundary Layer Modules of CALMET Overland Boundary Layer - Energy Balance Method Overwater Boundary Layer - Profile Method Produces Gridded Fields of: - Surface Friction Velocity - Convective Velocity Scale - Monin-Obukhov Length - Mixing Height - PGT Stability Class - Air Temperature (3-D) - Precipitation Rate • Diagnostic Wind Field Module of CALMET Slope Flows Kinematic Terrain Effects Terrain Blocking Effects Divergence Minimization Produces Gridded Fields of U, V, W Wind Components Inputs Include Domain-Scale Winds, Observations, and (optionally) Coarse-Grid Prognostic Model Winds Lambert Conformal Projection Capability 1-21
Section 1: Introduction Slope Flows: Slope flows are computed based on the shooting flow parameterization of Mahrt (1982). Shooting flows are buoyancy-driven flows, balanced by adjective of weaker momentum, surface drag, and entrainment at the top of the slope flow layer. The slope flow is parameterized in terms of the terrain slope, distance to the crest and local sensible heat flux. The thickness of the slope flow layer varies with the elevation drop from the crest. Blocking Effects: The thermodynamic blocking effects of terrain on the wind flow are parameterized in terms of the local Froude number (Allwine and Whiteman, 1985). If the Froude number at a particular grid point is less than a critical value and the wind has an uphill component, the wind direction is adjusted to be tangent to the terrain. Step 2 Wind Field The wind field resulting from the adjustments described above of the initial-guess wind is the Step 1 wind field. The second step of the procedure involves the introduction of observational data into the Step 1 wind field through an objective analysis procedure. An inverse-distance squared interpolation scheme is used which weighs observational data heavily in the vicinity of the observational station, while the Step 1 wind field dominates the interpolated wind field in regions with no observational data. The resulting wind field is subject to smoothing, an optional adjustment of vertical velocities based on the O'Brien (1970) method, and divergence minimization to produce a final Step 2 wind field. Introduction of Prognostic Wind Field Results The CALMET model contains an option to allow the introduction of gridded wind fields generated by MM4/MM5, NAM(Eta), WRF, RUC, RAMS and TAPM (or the CSUMM model) as input fields. The procedure permits the prognostic model to be run with a significantly larger horizontal grid spacing and different vertical grid resolution than that used in the diagnostic model. This option allows certain features of the flow field such as the sea breeze circulation with return flow aloft, which may not be captured in the surface observational data, to be introduced into the diagnostic wind field results. An evaluation with CAPTEX tracer data indicated that the better spatial and temporal resolution offered by the hourly MM4 fields can improve the performance of the dispersion modeling on regional scales (EPA, 1995). If the prognostic wind data are used as the initial guess field, the coarse grid scale data are interpolated to the CALMET fine-scale grid. The diagnostic module in CALMET will then adjust the initial guess field for kinematic effects of terrain, slope flows and terrain blocking effects using fine-scale CALMET terrain data to produce a Step 1 wind field. A second approach is to use prognostic wind data directly as the Step 1 wind field. This field is then adjusted using observational data, but additional terrain adjustments are 1-22
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Section 2: Geophysical Data Process
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Section 3: READ62 Upper Air Preproc
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Section 4: PXTRACT Precipitation Da
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Section 5: PMERGE Precipitation Dat
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Section 6: SMERGE Surface Data Mete
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Section 7: Prognostic Meteorologica
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files (e.g.
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files Table
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files descr
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files range
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files recor
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 8.10
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 4 NUS
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files CALME
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 8.1.1
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files ┌
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 8.2 P
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files -----
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 6 0 0
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files 3 1 1
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files IBHR
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Section 8: CALMET Model Files Multi
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9. CALPUFF The C
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Section 9: CALPUFF The control file
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-1: Input
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Section 9: CALPUFF 17a,b Non-gridde
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Section 9: CALPUFF MASSBAL.DAT outp
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Section 9: CALPUFF d The filenames
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Section 9: CALPUFF >0 = File update
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Section 9: CALPUFF 0 = chemical tra
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Section 9: CALPUFF [DIAGNOSTIC FEAT
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Section 9: CALPUFF ! CSPEC = SO2 !
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Section 9: CALPUFF WGS-84 NAS-C NAR
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Section 9: CALPUFF for selected spe
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Section 9: CALPUFF ---------------
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Section 9: CALPUFF Input Group 11 O
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Section 9: CALPUFF (XLAIIN) Default
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Section 9: CALPUFF Minimum mixing h
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Section 9: CALPUFF Near-Surface dep
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Section 9: CALPUFF Sample CALPUFF C
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Section 9: CALPUFF -------- a Data
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Section 9: CALPUFF Number of buoyan
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Section 9: CALPUFF Number of non-gr
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-3 (Conti
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Section 9: CALPUFF IOUTU IOVERS int
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Section 9: CALPUFF MSHEAR integer V
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Section 9: CALPUFF MPDF integer Pro
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Section 9: CALPUFF IMFLX integer Co
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Section 9: CALPUFF BCKNH3(12) real
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Section 9: CALPUFF CDIV(2) real Div
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Section 9: CALPUFF *MDEPBC integer
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Section 9: CALPUFF BDOWN real Build
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Section 9: CALPUFF source is treate
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Section 9: CALPUFF (i.e., !END!). I
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Section 9: CALPUFF (i.e., !END!). I
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Section 9: CALPUFF terminator (i.e.
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-3 (Concl
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.2 Meteorologic
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Section 9: CALPUFF if(nssta.ge.1)th
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-4: CALME
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-4 (Concl
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Section 9: CALPUFF 4 b 6 ZTEMP real
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Section 9: CALPUFF 14 6 IRH integer
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Section 9: CALPUFF variable dispers
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-6: Sampl
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Section 9: CALPUFF NCOMM+6 * intege
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-8 (conti
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Section 9: CALPUFF table. A descrip
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-10: PLMM
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.2.4 SURFACE.DA
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-12: Samp
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-13 (cont
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-14: SURF
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-14 (conc
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-15 (cont
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.3 Point Source
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-17: PTEM
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-17 (Cont
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.4 Buoyant Area
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-21: BAEM
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Section 9: CALPUFF . . . . . . . .
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-23 (Conc
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Section 9: CALPUFF NCOMM+8 or 9 IEJ
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Section 9: CALPUFF * "NSE" elements
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.7 Boundary Con
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Section 9: CALPUFF The model checks
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-43: HILL
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Section 9: CALPUFF where the follow
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.14 Mass Flux B
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-49: FLUX
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Section 9: CALPUFF 9.15 CALPUFF Out
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Section 9: CALPUFF IF(NVL1.GT.0) RE
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Section 9: CALPUFF Figure 9-1: Prof
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Section 9: CALPUFF Table 9-64 summa
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Section 9: CALPUFF Figure 9-2: Map
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Section 9: CALPUFF This process is
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS 10.1 APP
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS Table 10
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS NFILE S
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS The name
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS --------
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS Chemical
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS N S PM10
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Section 10: POSTPROCESSORS 10.4 CAL
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