Volume 1 - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC

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z 0 = 0.11υ 50LP + u 2π * ⎛ u ⎜ ⎝ c * P ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ 4.5 (3-27) • wave=2: use the Taylor and Yelland (2000) wave slope/height model 0.11υ z0 = + 1200 H u * S ⎛ H ⎜ ⎝ L S P ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ 4.5 (3-28) where L P is the wavelength (m) and c P is the phase speed (m/s) of the dominant wave at the peak of the spectrum and H S /L P represents the significant wave slope. COARE 2.6bw contains defaults, derived for a fully developed equilibrium wave field in deep water, for significant wave height H s and wavelength L p and phase speed c p for the dominant wave period: H s = 0.0248*U 2 , L p = 0.829*U 2 , c p = 1.14*U (3-29) The overwater bulk flux model options in CALMET include the original OCD-type model and six variants of the COARE model: • 0: OCD-like original flux model • 10: COARE with no wave parameterization (Charnock parameter for the open ocean, or “deep water” – can be modified for “shallow water”) • 10: COARE with no wave parameterization (Charnock parameter modified for “shallow water”) • 11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and default equilibrium wave properties • -11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and observed wave properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file) • 12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and default equilibrium wave properties • -12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and observed wave properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file) Two changes to COARE 2.6bw identified by MacDonald et al. (2002) are also implemented in CALMET. The first is a change in the net solar heat absorbed, which is used in the cool-skin model. This change reduces the leading coefficient applied to the incoming short-wave radiation from 0.137 to 0.060, which in turn corrects an observed problem in the computed evaporative cooling. The second change imposes a minimum wind stress of 0.002N/m 2 in the calculation of the warm layer thickness. The thickness could become exceedingly small in calm or near calm conditions, leading to unrealistic skin temperature increases. Final Report Vol.1 12
Anemometer Height Adjustment for Layer 1 An adjustment to near-surface measured wind speeds is applied to estimate the speed at the mid-point height of Layer 1 (usually 10m above the surface). Previously, such an adjustment must be accomplished outside of the CALMET/CALPUFF system. Anemometer heights are provided for all surface wind stations used in an application, so similarity theory, or even a simple power law adjustment, can be used to make the adjustment. CALMET supports an option to scale the near-surface measured winds to other layers aloft using either similarity theory, a stability-dependent power law, or a usersupplied set of multipliers (one for each layer). The same option has been implemented for adjusting the observed surface data to a height of 10 m, for Layer 1. In addition, if no extrapolation to layers aloft is selected, a neutral logarithmic wind profile is applied to estimate the wind speed at 10m from that measured at anemometer height. Wind speed extrapolation is controlled by variable IEXTRP. For layer 1, the following options are available: 1 extrapolate vertically using a logarithmic wind profile IEXTRP = 2 extrapolate vertically using a power law equation 3 extrapolate vertically using user-defined scaling factors 4 extrapolate vertically using similarity theory If z m is the anemometer height (m) of the surface wind observation and u m is the measured wind speed (m/s), the extrapolation equation options are: 1: u ( 10) ( z0 ) ( z z ) ln 10 = um (3-30) ln m 0 ( 10) ( / ) P 2 : u = um 10 zm (3-31) 3 : u ( 10) FEXTRP( 1) = um (3-32) Final Report Vol.1 13
Page 1 and 2: Development of the Next Generation
Page 3 and 4: 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this
Page 5 and 6: • Prognostic Meteorological Model
Page 7 and 8: o 1: Maul (1980)-Carson (1973) o 2:
Page 9 and 10: into 50 tiles (90 RUC grid-points/t
Page 11 and 12: y H ( 1− 34.15z / L) 1/ 3 = (3-9)
Page 13: During execution, the bulk algorith
Page 17 and 18: T (ºK) g (m/s 2 ) temperature grav
Page 19 and 20: adjusted to account for the effect
Page 21 and 22: Two methods of supplying the timesc
Page 23 and 24: cell is the cell that determines th
Page 25 and 26: June 4 (1130-1230 CET) L. Turbulenc
Page 27 and 28: 4. MODEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 4.1
Page 29 and 30: The CALMET preprocessors TERREL, CT
Page 31 and 32: All sampler locations are used as r
Page 33 and 34: Table 4-2b Over-water Meteorologica
Page 35 and 36: Meteorological data used in the OCD
Page 37 and 38: . . CARPINTERIA, CA 3814 . UTM Nort
Page 39 and 40: Year Month Day Table 4-4 Over-water
Page 41 and 42: Datum: NAS-C (North American 1927)
Page 43 and 44: Table 4-5 Source Characterization f
Page 45 and 46: Table 4-6a Over-water Meteorologica
Page 47 and 48: Geophysical Processing Gridded land
Page 49 and 50: Table 4-7 Source Characterization f
Page 51 and 52: tape format called GF-3. These data
Page 53 and 54: . . Strait of Oresund 6230 6220 UTM
Page 55 and 56: . . Strait of Oresund 6230 6220 UTM
Page 57 and 58: Table 4-10 SEA.DAT Meteorological D
Page 59 and 60: the numbers refer to ICOARE values,
Page 61 and 62: that are simulated during the one-h
Page 63 and 64: 4.3 Evaluation Results Cameron, Car
Page 65 and 66:
improve model performance relative
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Figure 4-7. Graphical depiction of
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4-15 Performance Statistics f
Page 77 and 78:
Performance of CALPUFF Configuratio
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Table 4-16 (continued) Performance
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
into CALPUFF, and the simulations a
Page 87 and 88:
Table 4-18 Oresund Results with Min
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4-20 Oresund Results with Min
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
4.4 Recommendations A minimum σ v
Page 95 and 96:
SEA.DAT and OZONE.DAT files are pro
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36 34 32 30 Latitude 28 26 24 22 -1
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WMO Number WBAN Number Station Iden
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
36 72363 72340 34 72249 72248 72235
Page 107 and 108:
36 34 32 41008 30 42035 42007 42040
Page 109 and 110:
36 34 32 30 Latitude 28 26 24 22 -1
Page 111 and 112:
COOP State Station Name Table 5-4.
Page 113 and 114:
COOP State Station Name Table 5-4.
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5-4. (Concluded) Hourly NWS P
Page 117 and 118:
Table 5-5. Ozone Stations Station I
Page 119 and 120:
Table 5-5. (Continued) Ozone Statio
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Table 5-5. (Continued) Ozone Statio
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36 317 339 361 383 405 427 449 471
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- Figure 5-8. “Inputs/Outputs & R
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6. REFERENCES Batchvarova, E. and S
Page 129 and 130:
Maat, N., C. Kraan, and W.A. Oost,
Page 131:
APPENDIX: COMPILATION OF A HIGH RES
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Volume 1 - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC

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