Volume 1 - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC
Volume 1 - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC Volume 1 - The Atmospheric Studies Group at TRC
z 0 = 0.11υ 50LP + u 2π * ⎛ u ⎜ ⎝ c * P ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ 4.5 (3-27) • wave=2: use the Taylor and Yelland (2000) wave slope/height model 0.11υ z0 = + 1200 H u * S ⎛ H ⎜ ⎝ L S P ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ 4.5 (3-28) where L P is the wavelength (m) and c P is the phase speed (m/s) of the dominant wave at the peak of the spectrum and H S /L P represents the significant wave slope. COARE 2.6bw contains defaults, derived for a fully developed equilibrium wave field in deep water, for significant wave height H s and wavelength L p and phase speed c p for the dominant wave period: H s = 0.0248*U 2 , L p = 0.829*U 2 , c p = 1.14*U (3-29) The overwater bulk flux model options in CALMET include the original OCD-type model and six variants of the COARE model: • 0: OCD-like original flux model • 10: COARE with no wave parameterization (Charnock parameter for the open ocean, or “deep water” – can be modified for “shallow water”) • 10: COARE with no wave parameterization (Charnock parameter modified for “shallow water”) • 11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and default equilibrium wave properties • -11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and observed wave properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file) • 12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and default equilibrium wave properties • -12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and observed wave properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file) Two changes to COARE 2.6bw identified by MacDonald et al. (2002) are also implemented in CALMET. The first is a change in the net solar heat absorbed, which is used in the cool-skin model. This change reduces the leading coefficient applied to the incoming short-wave radiation from 0.137 to 0.060, which in turn corrects an observed problem in the computed evaporative cooling. The second change imposes a minimum wind stress of 0.002N/m 2 in the calculation of the warm layer thickness. The thickness could become exceedingly small in calm or near calm conditions, leading to unrealistic skin temperature increases. Final Report Vol.1 12
Anemometer Height Adjustment for Layer 1 An adjustment to near-surface measured wind speeds is applied to estimate the speed at the mid-point height of Layer 1 (usually 10m above the surface). Previously, such an adjustment must be accomplished outside of the CALMET/CALPUFF system. Anemometer heights are provided for all surface wind stations used in an application, so similarity theory, or even a simple power law adjustment, can be used to make the adjustment. CALMET supports an option to scale the near-surface measured winds to other layers aloft using either similarity theory, a stability-dependent power law, or a usersupplied set of multipliers (one for each layer). The same option has been implemented for adjusting the observed surface data to a height of 10 m, for Layer 1. In addition, if no extrapolation to layers aloft is selected, a neutral logarithmic wind profile is applied to estimate the wind speed at 10m from that measured at anemometer height. Wind speed extrapolation is controlled by variable IEXTRP. For layer 1, the following options are available: 1 extrapolate vertically using a logarithmic wind profile IEXTRP = 2 extrapolate vertically using a power law equation 3 extrapolate vertically using user-defined scaling factors 4 extrapolate vertically using similarity theory If z m is the anemometer height (m) of the surface wind observation and u m is the measured wind speed (m/s), the extrapolation equation options are: 1: u ( 10) ( z0 ) ( z z ) ln 10 = um (3-30) ln m 0 ( 10) ( / ) P 2 : u = um 10 zm (3-31) 3 : u ( 10) FEXTRP( 1) = um (3-32) Final Report Vol.1 13
- Page 1 and 2: Development of the Next Generation
- Page 3 and 4: 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this
- Page 5 and 6: • Prognostic Meteorological Model
- Page 7 and 8: o 1: Maul (1980)-Carson (1973) o 2:
- Page 9 and 10: into 50 tiles (90 RUC grid-points/t
- Page 11 and 12: y H ( 1− 34.15z / L) 1/ 3 = (3-9)
- Page 13: During execution, the bulk algorith
- Page 17 and 18: T (ºK) g (m/s 2 ) temperature grav
- Page 19 and 20: adjusted to account for the effect
- Page 21 and 22: Two methods of supplying the timesc
- Page 23 and 24: cell is the cell that determines th
- Page 25 and 26: June 4 (1130-1230 CET) L. Turbulenc
- Page 27 and 28: 4. MODEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 4.1
- Page 29 and 30: The CALMET preprocessors TERREL, CT
- Page 31 and 32: All sampler locations are used as r
- Page 33 and 34: Table 4-2b Over-water Meteorologica
- Page 35 and 36: Meteorological data used in the OCD
- Page 37 and 38: . . CARPINTERIA, CA 3814 . UTM Nort
- Page 39 and 40: Year Month Day Table 4-4 Over-water
- Page 41 and 42: Datum: NAS-C (North American 1927)
- Page 43 and 44: Table 4-5 Source Characterization f
- Page 45 and 46: Table 4-6a Over-water Meteorologica
- Page 47 and 48: Geophysical Processing Gridded land
- Page 49 and 50: Table 4-7 Source Characterization f
- Page 51 and 52: tape format called GF-3. These data
- Page 53 and 54: . . Strait of Oresund 6230 6220 UTM
- Page 55 and 56: . . Strait of Oresund 6230 6220 UTM
- Page 57 and 58: Table 4-10 SEA.DAT Meteorological D
- Page 59 and 60: the numbers refer to ICOARE values,
- Page 61 and 62: that are simulated during the one-h
- Page 63 and 64: 4.3 Evaluation Results Cameron, Car
z<br />
0<br />
=<br />
0.11υ<br />
50LP<br />
+<br />
u 2π<br />
*<br />
⎛ u<br />
⎜<br />
⎝ c<br />
*<br />
P<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
4.5<br />
(3-27)<br />
• wave=2: use the Taylor and Yelland (2000) wave slope/height model<br />
0.11υ<br />
z0 = + 1200 H<br />
u<br />
*<br />
S<br />
⎛ H<br />
⎜<br />
⎝ L<br />
S<br />
P<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
4.5<br />
(3-28)<br />
where L P is the wavelength (m) and c P is the phase speed (m/s) of the dominant wave<br />
<strong>at</strong> the peak of the spectrum and H S /L P represents the significant wave slope. COARE<br />
2.6bw contains defaults, derived for a fully developed equilibrium wave field in deep<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er, for significant wave height H s and wavelength L p and phase speed c p for the<br />
dominant wave period:<br />
H s = 0.0248*U 2 , L p = 0.829*U 2 , c p = 1.14*U (3-29)<br />
<strong>The</strong> overw<strong>at</strong>er bulk flux model options in CALMET include the original OCD-type<br />
model and six variants of the COARE model:<br />
• 0: OCD-like original flux model<br />
• 10: COARE with no wave parameteriz<strong>at</strong>ion (Charnock parameter for the<br />
open ocean, or “deep w<strong>at</strong>er” – can be modified for “shallow w<strong>at</strong>er”)<br />
• 10: COARE with no wave parameteriz<strong>at</strong>ion (Charnock parameter modified<br />
for “shallow w<strong>at</strong>er”)<br />
• 11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and default equilibrium<br />
wave properties<br />
• -11: COARE with wave option 1 (Oost et al., 2002) and observed wave<br />
properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file)<br />
• 12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and default<br />
equilibrium wave properties<br />
• -12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland, 2001) and observed<br />
wave properties (provided in revised SEA.DAT input file)<br />
Two changes to COARE 2.6bw identified by MacDonald et al. (2002) are also<br />
implemented in CALMET. <strong>The</strong> first is a change in the net solar he<strong>at</strong> absorbed, which<br />
is used in the cool-skin model. This change reduces the leading coefficient applied to<br />
the incoming short-wave radi<strong>at</strong>ion from 0.137 to 0.060, which in turn corrects an<br />
observed problem in the computed evapor<strong>at</strong>ive cooling. <strong>The</strong> second change imposes<br />
a minimum wind stress of 0.002N/m 2 in the calcul<strong>at</strong>ion of the warm layer thickness.<br />
<strong>The</strong> thickness could become exceedingly small in calm or near calm conditions,<br />
leading to unrealistic skin temper<strong>at</strong>ure increases.<br />
Final Report Vol.1 12
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