Interfacial Catalysis
Interfacial Catalysis
Interfacial Catalysis
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INTERFACIAL<br />
C ATALYS I s<br />
EDITED BY<br />
ALEXANDER G. VOLKOV<br />
Oakwood College<br />
Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.<br />
a%<br />
MARCEL<br />
DEKKER<br />
MARCEL DEKKER, INC.<br />
NEW YORK BASEL<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISBN: 0-8247-0839-3<br />
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Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface<br />
<strong>Interfacial</strong> catalysis plays a key role in many chemical, physical, and biological processes.<br />
The past decade has witnessed a huge increase of research interest in the study of interfacial<br />
catalysis at liquid interfaces. Processes taking place at the interface between two<br />
immiscible liquid phases are fundamental to life since virtually all energy conversion<br />
processes in living organisms occur at liquid interfaces. The properties of liquid–liquid<br />
interfaces are very important for a variety of industries, including biotechnology, organic<br />
synthesis, nanochemistry, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints, detergents, oil<br />
extraction processes, and mining.<br />
The interface between two immiscible liquids with immobilized photosynthetic pigments<br />
serves as a convenient model for investigating photoprocesses that are accompanied<br />
by spatial separation of charges. The efficiency of charge separation is defined by the<br />
quantum yield of any photochemical reaction. Heterogeneous systems in which the oxidants<br />
and the reductants are either in different phases or sterically separated are the most<br />
effective in this regard. Different solubilities of the substrates and reaction products in the<br />
two phases of heterogeneous systems can alter the redox potential of reactants, making it<br />
possible to carry out reactions that cannot be performed in a homogeneous phase.<br />
The book is organized into five parts. Part I consists of seven chapters and deals with<br />
fundamental aspects of interfacial phenomena such as catalytic properties of liquid interfaces,<br />
electrochemistry at polarized interfaces, ion solvation and resolvation, interfacial<br />
potentials, separations, and interfacial catalysis in metal complexation and in enhanced oil<br />
recovery.<br />
Part II contains four chapters about history, theory, molecular mechanisms, synthesis,<br />
and experimental systems in phase transfer catalysis.<br />
Part III deals with micellar catalysis, enzymology, and photochemical reactions in<br />
reversed micelles.<br />
The chapters in Part IV discuss biological aspects of interfacial and membrane<br />
catalysis including bioelectrocatalysis, ion channels, mechanisms of respiration and photosynthesis,<br />
membrane catalysis, and ion transport processes.<br />
Part V, which is about interfacial photocatalysis, includes such topics as nanochemistry,<br />
nanoparticles, self-organized microheterogeneous structures, photosensitizers,<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
and photocatalytic oxygen evolution. The experimental systems and theoretical analysis of<br />
interfacial photocatalytic systems are also discussed in Chapters 14, 15, and 18.<br />
I would like to extend my thanks to the authors for the time they spent on this<br />
project and for teaching us about their work on nanochemistry and interfacial catalysis. I<br />
also thank our Acquisitions Editor, Anita Lekhwani, and our Production Editor, Joseph<br />
Stubenrauch, for their friendly and courteous assistance.<br />
Alexander G. Volkov<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents<br />
Preface<br />
Contributors<br />
Part I. <strong>Interfacial</strong> Phenomena<br />
1. <strong>Interfacial</strong> <strong>Catalysis</strong> at Oil/Water Interfaces<br />
Alexander G. Volkov<br />
2. Electrochemistry of Chemical Reactions at Polarized Liquid–Liquid Interfaces<br />
Takashi Kakiuchi<br />
3. <strong>Interfacial</strong> <strong>Catalysis</strong> in Metal Complexation<br />
Hitoshi Watarai<br />
4. The Role of Water Molecules in Ion Transfer at the Oil/Water Interface<br />
Toshiyuki Osakai<br />
5. <strong>Interfacial</strong> Potential and Distribution Equilibria Between Two Immiscible<br />
Electrolyte Solutions<br />
Le Quoc Hung<br />
6. Use of Cyclodextrins or Porous Inorganic Supports to Improve Organic/<br />
Aqueous <strong>Interfacial</strong> Transfers<br />
Martine Urrutigoïty and Philippe Kalck<br />
7. Ultrathin Films: Their Use in Enhanced Oil Recovery and in <strong>Interfacial</strong><br />
<strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
Lu Zhang, Sui Zhao, Jia-Yong Yu, Angelica L. Ottova´, and H. Ti Tien<br />
Part II.<br />
Phase Transfer <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
8. Phase Transfer <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
Mieczysiaw Mąkosza and Michai Fedoryn´ski<br />
9. Liquid–Liquid Phase Transfer <strong>Catalysis</strong>: Basic Principles and Synthetic<br />
Applications<br />
Domenico Albanese<br />
10. Phase Transfer <strong>Catalysis</strong>: Fundamentals and Selected Systems<br />
Jing-Jer Jwo<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
11. <strong>Interfacial</strong> Mechanism and Kinetics of Phase-Transfer <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
Hung-Ming Yang and Ho-Shing Wu<br />
Part III.<br />
Micellar <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
12. Enzymes in Reverse Micelles (Microemulsions): Theory and Practice<br />
Andrey V. Levashov and Natalia L. Klyachko<br />
13. Micellar <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
Vincent C. Reinsborough<br />
14. Multiple Effects of Water Pools and Their Interfaces Formed by Reversed<br />
Micelles on Enzymic Reactions and Photochemistry<br />
Ayako Goto, Yuko Ibuki, and Rensuke Goto<br />
Part IV.<br />
<strong>Interfacial</strong> Biocatalysis and Membrane <strong>Catalysis</strong><br />
15. Supported Planar BLMs (Lipid Bilayers): Formation, Methods of Study,<br />
and Applications<br />
Angelica L. Ottova´ and H. Ti Tien<br />
16. Bioelectrocatalysis<br />
Kenji Kano and Tokuji Ikeda<br />
17. Energetics and Gating of Narrow Ionic Channels: The Influence of Channel<br />
Architecture and Lipid–Channel Interactions<br />
Peter C. Jordan, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, and Michael B. Partenskii<br />
18. Biocatalysis: Electrochemical Mechanisms of Respiration and Photosynthesis<br />
Alexander G. Volkov<br />
19. New Types of Membrane Reactions Mimicking Biological Processes<br />
Sorin Kihara<br />
20. Ion-Transport Processes Through Membranes of Various Types: Liquid<br />
Membrane, Thin Supported Liquid Membrane, and Bilayer Lipid Membrane<br />
Osamu Shirai and Sorin Kihara<br />
Part V.<br />
<strong>Interfacial</strong> Photocatalysis<br />
21. Development of Structurally Organized Photocatalytic Systems for<br />
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution on the Basis of Lipid Vesicles with<br />
Semiconductor Nanoparticles Fixed on Lipid Membranes<br />
Oxana V. Vassiltsova and Valentin N. Parmon<br />
22. <strong>Catalysis</strong> and Photocatalysis at Polarized Molecular Interfaces: An<br />
Electrochemical Approach to Catalytic Processes Based on Two-Phase<br />
Systems, Self-Organized Microheterogeneous Structures, and<br />
Unsupported Nanoparticles<br />
Riikka Lahtinen, Henrik Jensen, and David J. Fermı´n<br />
23. Photosensitizers at Interfaces of Model Membranes<br />
Sarah A. Gerhardt and Jin Z. Zhang<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors<br />
Domenico Albanese Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universita` degli<br />
Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy<br />
Michał Fedoryn´ski<br />
Poland<br />
Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw,<br />
David J. Fermı´n Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole<br />
Polytechnique Fe´ de´ rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
Sarah A. Gerhardt Department of Chemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz,<br />
Santa Cruz, California, U.S.A.<br />
Ayako Goto<br />
Rensuke Goto<br />
Japan<br />
School of Informatics, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan<br />
Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka,<br />
Le Quoc Hung Institute of Chemistry, National Center for Natural Science and<br />
Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam<br />
Yuko Ibuki<br />
Japan<br />
Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka,<br />
Tokuji Ikeda Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto<br />
University, Kyoto, Japan<br />
Henrik Jensen Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique<br />
Fe´ de´ rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland<br />
Peter C. Jordan Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham,<br />
Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Jing-Jer Jwo Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan,<br />
Taiwan, Republic of China<br />
Takashi Kakiuchi Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Kyoto<br />
University, Kyoto, Japan<br />
Philippe Kalck Laboratoire de Catalyse, Chimie Fine et Polyme` res, Ecole Nationale<br />
Supe´ rieure des Inge´ nieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques, Toulouse, France<br />
Kenji Kano Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto<br />
University, Kyoto, Japan<br />
Sorin Kihara<br />
Department of Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan<br />
Natalia L. Klyachko Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry,<br />
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia<br />
Riikka Lahtinen<br />
Kingdom<br />
Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United<br />
Andrey V. Levashov<br />
Moscow, Russia<br />
Mieczysław Mąkosza<br />
Warsaw, Poland<br />
Department of Chemical Enzymology, Moscow State University,<br />
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences,<br />
Gennady V. Miloshevsky<br />
Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham,<br />
Toshiyuki Osakai<br />
Japan<br />
Angelica L. Ottova´<br />
Michigan, U.S.A.<br />
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe,<br />
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,<br />
Valentin N. Parmon<br />
Boreskov Institute of <strong>Catalysis</strong>, Novosibirsk, Russia<br />
Michael B. Partenskii Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham,<br />
Massachusetts, U.S.A.<br />
Vincent C. Reinsborough Department of Chemistry, Mount Allison University,<br />
Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada<br />
Osamu Shirai Department of Nuclear Energy System, Japan Atomic Energy Research<br />
Institute, Ibaraki, Japan<br />
H. Ti Tien Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing,<br />
Michigan, U.S.A.<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Martine Urrutigoı¨ty Laboratoire de Catalyse, Chimie Fine et Polyme` res, Ecole<br />
Nationale Supe´ rieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques, Toulouse,<br />
France<br />
Oxana V. Vassiltsova<br />
Boreskov Institute of <strong>Catalysis</strong>, Novosibirsk, Russia<br />
Alexander G. Volkov Department of Chemistry, Oakwood College, Huntsville,<br />
Alabama, U.S.A.<br />
Hitoshi Watarai Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka<br />
University, Osaka, Japan<br />
Ho-Shing Wu Department of Chemical Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan,<br />
Taiwan, Republic of China<br />
Hung-Ming Yang Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing<br />
University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China<br />
Jia-Yong Yu Research Center for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Technical Institute of Physics<br />
and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China<br />
Jin Z. Zhang Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at<br />
Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, U.S.A.<br />
Lu Zhang Research Center for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Technical Institute of Physics<br />
and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China<br />
Sui Zhao Research Center for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Technical Institute of Physics<br />
and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China<br />
Copyright © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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