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Discussion and Summary Through these two experiments, we figure out the relation between the language that the learners use and the learning activities/acquirement of knowledge as follows. From case 1 we find that translation of non-mother tongue technical terms contained in the class contents into their mother tongue is useful for acquisition of knowledge Usually, however, non-mother tongue and mother tongue substitution is achieved using dictionaries. Hence, as a precondition for this translation to work, learners should have sufficient knowledge about technical terms in the mother tongue as a context-reduced language. From case 2 we think that there are two important aspects in developing collaboration study between students having different mother tongues: (1) training common language (English) and (2) training general communication skill so that students can express their own opinion.In the context of PBL the main focus is on the second point, i.e. our educational goal is to enhance communication skills. For this purpose the use of mother tongues is more appropriate than obliging students to study common language. This is proven by our experiments: dramatic increase of the amount of conversation, appearing a leader in the group, and effective use of support tools. To summarize, to provide collaborative education smoothly in multilingual environment it is desirable to support mother tongues for enhancing both learning activities and acquirement of knowledge. Although this is too difficult to achieve in the usual face-to-face environment, we demonstrated that we can support the use of mother tongues in multilingual environment by introducing ICT. It was proven to be one of useful ways to connect an online dictionary or an online translator with class contents and a chat tool. However, such tools have performance boundary, especially if students’ mother tongues lack required technical terms. In that case, to support those students, a little more extra effort is required: one possibility is to neoterize these technical terms. However, such new technical terms tend to get widely spread quite rapidly in accordance with the permeation of education. In future, we will be able to automatically enrich the online dictionary/translator function using the feedback of observing new phrases or knowledge through, say, web crawling. Acknowledgement We are thankful to the Center for e-Learning Research and Application (Nagaoka University of Technology) and Hideyuki Kanematsu (Suzuka National College of Technology) for providing many valuable data. We also 259
thank Prof. Yoshiki Mikami, the Director of Language Observatory and Dr. Shigeaki Kodama for useful discussion. References 1. Sahar Farjami, Ryosuke Taguchi, Katsuko T. Nakahira, Yoshimi Fukumura, Hideyuki Kanematsu. Multilingual Problem Based Learning in Metaverse. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering System, in printing, 2011. 2. R. Flesch. A new readability yardstick. In: Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, pp. 221-233 , 1948. 3. T. Ishida. Language Grid: An Infrastructure for Intercultural Collaboration. IEEE/IPSJ Symposium on Application and the Internet, pp. 96-100, 2006. 4. Katsuko T. Nakahira, Rodrigo N.R., Ryosuke Taguchi, Kanematsu Hideyuiki, Yoshimi Fukumura. Design of a Multilinguistic Problem Based Learning Learning Environment in the Metaverse. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Aware Computing, Taiwan, IEEE, pp. 298-303, 2010. 5. Katsuko T. Nakahira, Ryosuke Taguchi, Rodrigo N. R, Hideyuki Kanematsu, Farujami Sahar, Yoshimi Fukumura. Implementation of Learning System for Multilingual PBL. IEICE Technical Report AI2010-57, p.81-86, 2011. 6. R. Taguchi, Katsuko T. Nakahira, H. Kanematsu and Y. Fukumura. A Multilingual Problem-Based Learning Environment for Awareness Promotion. Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, 150-153, 2011. 260
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Commission of the Russian Federatio
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Contents Preface...................
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Elmir YAKUBOV. Developing Digital C
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PREFACE The 2 nd International Conf
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MESSAGES Message from Irina Bokova,
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Message from Grigory Ordzhonikidze,
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Message from Alexander Avdeyev, Min
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Message from Andrei Fursenko, Minis
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Message from Abulfas Karayev, Minis
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PLENARY MEETINGS Adama SAMASSÉKOU,
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supporting multilingualism, particu
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to the idea of respect for linguist
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Evgenia MIKHAILOVA Rector, North-Ea
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anked third (after Moscow and St. P
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• the Institute of Languages and
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The NEFU Development Programme incl
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marginalisation, and to enhance the
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Second, institutes are needed to a)
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• targeting federal funding and s
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• providing telecommunication net
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Education Primary, secondary and hi
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• digitising documents and museum
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The ICT Industry Issues of linguist
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A Hidden Component: The Universal D
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If anyone in a community speaks the
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Here we propose a two-dimensional c
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Table 3. Language composition of th
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Also we need a deeper analysis of t
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at measuring the linguistic diversi
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Multilingual Moments of Truth: Mome
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things in place it is possible to d
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Copyright and Public Domain Where d
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Thus it is important that we create
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Organizing Information About the Wo
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virtual library of language resourc
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We have also developed software tha
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We should recall that most of the w
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Fig.8 - Language of publication of
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In 2008, we compared the first 30 l
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translators and to human translator
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The African Linguistic Mosaic The l
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Factors Militating Against the Pres
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Taking into account the work on the
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priorities in the Language Plan of
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Gilvan Müller de OLIVEIRA Director
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In this particular aspect the Portu
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• Bilingual education programmes
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Javier LÓPEZ SÁNCHEZ Director Gen
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linkages and coordination of effort
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The following proposals for action
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existence (Deshpande 1979). When Bu
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All the above academic, language an
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centres for Indian Language Technol
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Natalia GENDINA Director, Research
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Activities of social institutions,
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• publication in 2008 under the a
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• interactivity - active interact
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5. Всеобщая деклара
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The proportion of native speakers r
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• destruction of the genetic fund
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humanitarian practices for the pres
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SECTION 1. INSTRUMENTS FOR LANGUAGE
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social status In a multilingual sit
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Virach SORNLERTLAMVANICH Principle
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Figure 1. Community Co-Creation Cul
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Yunseok RHEE Professor, Hankuk Univ
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3. Approaches for Web-Based Languag
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integration mentioned prior). For a
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capacity to read and write. Worse s
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To accommodate orature in cyberspac
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Nicholas THIEBERGER Senior Research
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others,but be used as a foundation
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4. Delivery of Archival Material, P
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6. Current Status of the PARADISEC
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an occasional mass backup of signif
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Dietrich SCHÜLLER Consultant, Vien
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carriers into safe digital reposito
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National: Other successful, althoug
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6. Schüller, Dietrich. Audiovisual
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eing produced and exposed all aroun
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news, among others. The very nature
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Attempt to Validate the Hypothesis
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Elmir YAKUBOV Director, Khasavyurt
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uilding up a cult of ethnic excepti
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Figure 1. Representation of additio
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PT Sans is a grotesque font of mode
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Google Web Fonts API Stats monitors
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the low spread (at the time) of the
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Dzhavdet Suleymanov Professor, Kaza
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about this package. Due to our expe
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• Annotated texts, dictionaries,
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we identify structures, circuits, a
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Yakut Epic in Cyberspace: Olonkho I
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Its Information Gathering & Process
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Olonkho: Television allows to broad
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Here are some of the Olonkho-relate
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texts totalling some two million wo
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Anatoly ZHOZHIKOV Director, New Inf
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facilitate both the preservation of
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SECTION 2. INSTITUTES TO PROMOTE LI
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“Vision 2013 By 2013… • UArct
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together university and college Pre
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• UArctic Studies Catalogue • G
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“2. Teaching of language and cult
Page 210 and 211: Sergei BAKEYKIN Executive Director,
Page 212 and 213: the fact that in 2010, Evgeny Kuzmi
Page 214 and 215: The Conference final document -“T
Page 216 and 217: and how to promote social/digital i
Page 218 and 219: From this perspective I could under
Page 220 and 221: one local language and to register
Page 222 and 223: • Permit to many repertoires to i
Page 224 and 225: • Funding institutions with diffi
Page 226 and 227: Zhanna SHAIMUKHANBETOVA Director Ge
Page 228 and 229: • quantitative (the proportion of
Page 230 and 231: humanity and giving support to expr
Page 232 and 233: Irina DOBRYNINA Director, National
Page 234 and 235: language being endangered. Only 41%
Page 236 and 237: their promotion online. The “E-bo
Page 238 and 239: Institutions of primary, secondary
Page 240 and 241: Of course, we could not cover every
Page 242 and 243: These numbers, however, could be co
Page 244 and 245: 2. the Repertory Catalogue of books
Page 246 and 247: • the Repertory Catalogue of book
Page 248 and 249: Indigenous worldviews, mythologies
Page 250 and 251: In 2010, a first project - organize
Page 252 and 253: Katsuko T. NAKAHIRA Assistant Profe
Page 254 and 255: We did the research of exchange stu
Page 256 and 257: Figure 3. PBL environment system ar
Page 258 and 259: Figure 4. The relation of elapsed t
Page 262 and 263: Anatoly ZHOZHIKOV Director, New Inf
Page 264 and 265: To make it happen, a number of wide
Page 266 and 267: Liudmila ZAIKOVA Director, Centre t
Page 268 and 269: Interregional Library Cooperation C
Page 270 and 271: Sargylana IGNATYEVA Rector, Arctic
Page 272 and 273: education, systematizing research i
Page 274 and 275: From a genetic point of view Romani
Page 276 and 277: the extension of the centre’s nam
Page 278 and 279: • The web presentation of the Cou
Page 280 and 281: Romani-dominated chats elements of
Page 282 and 283: 3. Conclusion This limited but to s
Page 284 and 285: The political and economic laws tha
Page 286 and 287: Affairs, the National Academy of Sc
Page 288 and 289: national minorities the right of eq
Page 290 and 291: Preschool education marks the most
Page 292 and 293: to service a limited number of area
Page 294 and 295: Another example of mutually benefic
Page 296 and 297: • Chukchi Peninsula Eskimo societ
Page 298 and 299: 161). Sea hunting off Uelen is cons
Page 300 and 301: The widows of the Gemavye brothers,
Page 302 and 303: Importantly, these statistics do no
Page 304 and 305: Expanding the Outreach of Yukaghir
Page 306 and 307: (Russian Federation), the developme
Page 308 and 309: “cultural diversity as a source o
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i. to continue searching for fair a
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