Proceedings of Topical Meeting on Optoinformatics (pdf-format, 1.21 ...

IV International Conference for Students, Young Scientists and Engineers “Optics’05”
International <strong>Topical</strong> <strong>Meeting</strong> on Optoinformatics’05
Conference Chairs:
Pr<strong>of</strong>. V. N. Vasilev, Rector, State Univ. <strong>of</strong> IT, Mechanics & Optics, St.Petersburg
Pr<strong>of</strong>. G. T. Petrovsky, RAS Academian, OSR President, St.Petersburg
<strong>Meeting</strong> Chairs:
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Maria Luisa Calvo Padilla, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Dr. Alexander V. Pavlov, S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, St.Petersburg
<strong>Meeting</strong> International Program Committee:
Dr. Tatiana Alieva, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Martin J. Bastiaans, Technical University <strong>of</strong> Eidhoven, Netherlands
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Katarzyna Chalasinska-Macukow, University <strong>of</strong> Warsaw, Poland
Dr. Pavel Cheben, National Research Council <strong>of</strong> Canada, Canada
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Sergey O. Kostukevich, SPIE/Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Vladik Kreinovich, University <strong>of</strong> ElPaco, US
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Oleg P. Kuznetsov, RAS, Moscow, Russia
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Yurii T. Mazurenko, SOI, St.Petersburg, Russia
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Daniel Marini, Milano, Italy
Pr<strong>of</strong>. G. Moagar-Poladian, Nat. Inst. for R&D in Microtech., Bucharest, Romania
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Leonid I. Muravsky, Physico-Mechanical Inst., Lviv, Ukraine
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Nikolai V. Nikonorov, SU ITMO, St.Petersburg, Russia
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Andrey V. Okishev, USA
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dejan Rakovic, University <strong>of</strong> Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Dmitrii I. Stasel'ko, SOI, St.Petersburg, Russia
Pr<strong>of</strong>. Vladimir S. Udaltsov, GTL-CNRS Telecom, Metz, France
Saint-Petersburg, 17-20 October 2005
St.Petersburg State University <strong>of</strong> Information Technologies, Mechanics & Optics

Optoinformatics’2005. <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> the International <strong>Topical</strong> <strong>Meeting</strong> on
Optoinformatics’2005. Saint-Petersburg, 17-20 October 2005. / Ed. By
Alexander V. Pavlov – SPb: SPbSU ITMO, 2005. – 67 p.
This book contains the proceedings <strong>of</strong> the International <strong>Topical</strong> <strong>Meeting</strong>
on Optoiformatics’2005, which took place 17-20 October 2005 within
framework <strong>of</strong> IV International Conference “Optics’2005” (17-21 October).
ISBN: 5-7577-0279-6
© Authors, 2005
© Saint-Petersburg State University <strong>of</strong> Information Technologies, Mechanics
and Optics, 2005

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Session “Optical Technologies in Information Processing and Communications” 5
SOME ASPECTS OF SECURITY OF CHAOS-BASED COMMUNICATIONS (Invited) 5
Vladimir S. Udaltsov, A. Locquet, L. Larger, J. P. Goedgebuer, D. S. Citrin
INTEGRATED OPTICAL BRAGG GRATINGS FOR FAST ELECTROOPTICAL
7
CONTROL OF SPECTRAL CHANNELS IN OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS (Oral)
Alexander Shamray, A. Kozlov, I. Ilichev, M. Petrov
OPTOELECTRONIC GATES ON BIPHOTONS (Oral)
8
Yu. A. Asikritova, I. D. Balatsky, V. N. Gorbachev, A. I. Trubilko
UNCERTAINTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR ANGULAR POSITION AND ANGULAR 10
MOMENTUM OF LIGHT (Oral)
Eric Yao, M. Padgett
OPTICAL CORRELATION SYSTEMS FOR SECURITY VERIFICATION (Invited) 12
Leonid I. Muravsky
DETERMINATION OF SPECKLE DISPLACEMENT BY HYBRID OPTICAL-DIGITAL 14
SPECKLE CORRELATOR (Oral)
O. M. Sakharuk, N. V. Fityo, L. I. Muravsky, P. V. Yezhov
MODELLING THE SPECKLE PATTERNS OF DEFORMABLE SURFACE FOR RIGID 16
BODY MOTION ELIMINATION (Oral)
Nazar V. Fityo
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT BY IMPROVED CONTRAST-STRETCHING TECHNIQUE 17
(Oral)
Ching-Chung Yang
FOTOBIOFTAL-1: A DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND STORAGE SYSTEM 19
FOR AN OPHTHALMIC INSTRUMENT (Oral)
Sorin Miclos, M. Mustata, D. Savastru, C. Cotirlan, T. Brezeanu, E. Ristici, A. Stefanescu-Dima
Session “Optical Technologies in Measurements” 21
3-D MEASUREMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE GLASS BY USING A REFLECTIVE FRINGE 21
TECHNIQUE (Oral)
Oleksandr A. Skydan, M. J. Lalor, D. R. Burton
THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT INTEGRAL-GEOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE 23
ANALYSIS OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGES (Oral)
Abutrab A. Aliverdiev
LASER PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY OF MECHANICAL STRESSES IN MODERN 25
MATERIALS (Invited)
Kirill L. Muratikov, A. L. Glazov
ESTIMATION OF INFLUENCE OF STATISTICAL ERRORS ON AN ACURACY OF 27
CALIBRATION OF THE SPACE SOLAR PATROL INSTRUMENTATION AT A
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE (Oral)
Ilya M. Afanas’ev
THE X-RAY/EUV MULTIPLIERS IN THE SPACE SOLAR PATROL APPARATUS (Oral) 29
I. A. Zotkin
Session “Holography and Recording Media” 31
STUDY OF PULSED HOLOGRAM RECORDING ON THE PHOTOPOLYMERIC 31
MATERIAL (Oral)
Victor N. Mikhailov, O. V. Bandyuk, D. A. Kozlovsky
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HOLOGRAMS RECORDED IN 33
CONDUCTOR POLYMER (Oral)
M. A. Flores-Vázquez, M. P. Hernández-Garay, A. Olivares-Pérez, I. Fuentes-Tapia, S. Toxqui–
López
HIGH-EFFECTIVE MULTIPLEX HOLOGRAMS IN VOLUME POLYMER MEDIA (Oral) 35
O. V. Andreeva, Alexander P. Kushnarenko, B. B. Lesnichij, A. P. Nacharov, A. A. Paramonov
DIGITAL HOLOGRAMS REPLICATIONS WITH POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (Oral) 37
M. P. Hernández-Garay, A. Olivares-Pérez, I. Fuentes-Tapia, S. Toxqui-López
NANOPOROUS SHRINKPROOF MEDIA FOR RECORDING AND STORAGE OF 39
INFORMATION (Oral)
Natalia V. Andreeva, A. P. Kushnarenko, O. V. Andreeva

4 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
CdF2:In: A FAST-RESPONSE MEDIUM OF THE REAL-TIME HOLOGRAPHY (Oral) 41
Alexander E. Angervaks, S. A. Dimakov, S. I. Kliment’ev, A. S. Shcheulin, A. I. Ryskin
STRONGLY NONLINEAR REVERSIBLE HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING AT THE 42
STRUCTURES Sb 2 S 3 – LC and As 40 Se 60 -LC (Oral)
Larisa P. Amosova, A. N. Chaika, N. I. Pletneva
ABOUT SIMILARITY OF THE VOLUME SUPERPOSED HOLOGRAMS TO THE HUMAN 44
MEMORY (Oral)
Viacheslav V. Orlov
DENTAL RESIN HOLOGRAMS (Poster)
46
Santa Toxqui-López, A. Olivares-Pérez, N. Grijalva y Ortiz, M. P. Hernández-Garay, B. Ruiz-Limón,
I. Fuentes-Tapia
MILK HOLOGRAMS (Poster)
48
I. Olvera-Bautista, S. Toxqui-López, A. Olivares-Pérez, M. Ortiz-Palacios, E. L. Ponce-Lee, M. P.
Hernández-Garay, I. Fuentes-Tapia
Session “Optical Devices, Optical Transformations, and Modeling” 50
LIGHT EMISSION BY THE NANOMETER-SCALE STRUCTURES (Oral)
50
Tamara A. Kudykina, A. I. Pervak
IMPACT OF TILT OF A PHASE DOE ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE LASER BEAMS 52
MATCHED WITH THE ANGULAR HARMONICS BASIS (Oral)
Anton A. Almazov, S. N. Khonina, V. V. Kotlyar
MODELLING RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION FROM 3D SUB-WAVELENGTH
54
STRUCTURES (Oral)
Janne M. Brok, H. P. Urbach
LIDAR SIGNAL PROCESSING (Poster)
56
Georgeta-Jeni Ciuciu, D. N. Nicolae, C. Talianu, M. Ciobanu, V. Babin
A Nd:YAG SURGICAL LASER FOR OPHTHALMOLOGIC STEREOMICROSCOPE 58
(Poster)
D. Savastru, S. Miclos, C. Cotirlan, M. Mustata, E. Ristici, T. Brezeanu, S. Dontu, M. Rusu, V. Savu,
A. Stefanescu
ANALYSIS OF EDGE DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR ANALOG REALIZATION (Poster) 60
Evgeniya N. Serova
PITTING CORROSION MONITORING WITH ELECTRONIC-SPECKLE
61
PHOTOGRAPHY (Poster)
Lyudmila F. Frankevych
Post-deadline papers 63
THE ANALYSIS OF RESOLUTION CAPABILITY OF THE OPTICAL COHERENT 63
TOMOGRAPH (Oral)
Konstantin L. Khohlov, V. K. Sokolov
GENERATION OF THE DISCRETE SPECTRAL SUPERCONTINUUM IN TWO
65
INTENSIVE ULTRASHORT PULSES INTERACTION (Poster)
Michael A. Bakhtin, S. A. Kozlov
THE PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM 67
DESIGNS FOCUSING THE APPLICATIONS FROM DIMENSIONAL TO QUANTUM
METROLOGY SET UPS IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT (Poster)
S. N. Bagchi

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 5
SOME ASPECTS OF SECURITY OF CHAOS-BASED
COMMUNICATIONS
V. S. Udaltsov a , A. Locquet a,b , L. Larger a , J. P. Goedgebuer a , and D. S. Citrin a,b
a GTL-CNRS TELECOM, UMR FEMTO-ST 6174, Georgia Tech Lorraine, 2-3 rue
Marconi, 57070 Metz, France
b School <strong>of</strong> Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0250, USA
E-mail: udaltsov@georgiatech-metz.fr
Chaotic dynamics ruled by delay-differential equations (DDE) and chaos-based
communication systems are explored from the point <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> security. The
problem <strong>of</strong> the identification <strong>of</strong> the time-delay is the main security aspect
considered here. It is shown that carefully chosen architectures <strong>of</strong> the chaotic
transmitter can increase the degree <strong>of</strong> security.
The idea to use a chaotic carrier and synchronized chaotic waveforms for secure
communications proposed originally in the beginning <strong>of</strong> the nineties was revised precisely
in conjunction with security issues. Several papers dedicated to the security <strong>of</strong> chaotic
cryptosystems have been published in the last years. In the very beginning, systems using
low-dimensional chaotic carriers have been explored and broken successfully. Then, it was
shown that even a high chaos complexity characterized by a large number <strong>of</strong> positive
Lyapunov exponents, is not sufficient to ensure a high degree <strong>of</strong> security. This means that
hyperchaotic cryptosystems can also be broken, as it was is shown in our paper [1] .
We consider here optoelectronic cryptosystems ruled by delay-differential equations
(a DDE in its simplest normalized form is known as Ikeda’s equation [2] ). They are <strong>of</strong>
particular interest because they can produce highly complex chaos and, at the same time,
are relatively easy to realize [3] . Message encoding is performed by a chaotic modulation
technique [3] . Actually, the DDE-emitter represents a circuit with the feedback loop that
includes a controlled source (for example, a tunable laser diode), a nonlinear element (for
example, a birefringent plate placed between two polarizers or an interferometer), and a
detecting photodiode that converts optical signals to electrical ones and also limits the
bandwidth <strong>of</strong> chaotic oscillations. In numerical models such a limitation can be modeled
by low- or band-pass filters [4] .
If the topology <strong>of</strong> the system (the block-diagrams and the equations describing the
dynamics <strong>of</strong> the system) is known to an eavesdropper (this assumption is usual for
cryptanalysis), the reconstruction <strong>of</strong> the parameters <strong>of</strong> the system allows decoding <strong>of</strong> the
transmitted information. The eavesdropper’s attack can be fulfilled with a real receiver that
should be synchronized with the chaotic emitter [5] , or by numerical modeling <strong>of</strong> this
receiver.
In our previous article [1] , we have shown that the reconstruction <strong>of</strong> all the parameters
characterizing a hyperchaotic system with a single feedback loop containing a strong
nonlinearity is possible, when the value <strong>of</strong> the time delay T is known or recovered. When
there is no way to identify the time delay, the chaos-based communication system becomes
difficult to break using the cryptanalysis techniques published in the literature. In that
sense, the main problem for an eavesdropper is to recover T. Thus, we have concentrated
our attention on the problem <strong>of</strong> identifying the value <strong>of</strong> the time delay T.

6 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
We applied and analyzed five published methods for the identification <strong>of</strong> the time
delay from time series generated by a few different types <strong>of</strong> chaos-generating emitters.
These methods are:
1. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the return maps <strong>of</strong> the transmitted signal,
2. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the autocorrelation function (ACF) <strong>of</strong> the transmitted signal,
3. Application <strong>of</strong> the average mutual information technique (the AMI-technique),
4. Recovery <strong>of</strong> T by local linear fits in a low-dimensional space [6] ,
5. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the time-distribution <strong>of</strong> extrema [7] .
We used the numerical models describing a few modifications <strong>of</strong> a communication
system based on a DDE-circuit. These are:
1. A system with two feedback loops, one <strong>of</strong> them controlling the source and another
one controlling the nonlinearity,
2. A system with two parallel time delays,
3. A system with two parallel time delays and two different filters,
4. A system with two parallel nonlinearities and two time delays,
5. A system with two switching time delays,
6. A system with modulated time delays.
We integrated the numerical models with the Runge-Kutta procedure for different
sets <strong>of</strong> parameters in the feedback loops. Next, chaotic time series generated by the
aforementioned systems were analyzed from the point <strong>of</strong> view <strong>of</strong> the possibility to identify
the time delay T.
In brief, the main results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. The communication system based on the chaos-generating circuit with a single
feedback containing a time delay and a nonlinearity can be successfully attacked and
reconstructed by an eavesdropper, despite the possibility <strong>of</strong> generating hyperchaotic
signals.
2. Numerical results obtained show that it is possible to find system architectures that
increase the security <strong>of</strong> the cryptosystem up to the necessary level.
3. A simple addition <strong>of</strong> a second feedback loop is not the universal remedy against
breaking; the system becomes more secure only with specific choices <strong>of</strong> system
architectures and parameters.
Acknowledgements: The participation <strong>of</strong> V. S. Udaltsov was supported by the Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
1. V. S. Udaltsov, J. P. Goedgebuer, L. Larger, J. B. Cuenot, P. Levy, and W. T. Rhodes,
Phys. Lett A 308, p. 54, 2003.
2. K. Ikeda and K. Matsumoto, Physica D 29, p. 223, 1987.
3. J. P. Goedgebuer, L. Larger, H. Porte, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, No. 10, pp. 2249-2252,
1998.
4. V. S. Udaltsov, L. Larger, J. P. Goedgebuer, M. W. Lee, E. Genin, and W. T. Rhodes,
IEEE TCAS-1 49, No. 7, pp.1006-1009, 2002.
5. V. S. Udaltsov, J. P. Goedgebuer, L Larger., W. T. Rhodes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86. No. 9,
pp, 1892-1895, 2001.
6. M. J. Bünner, M. Popp, Th. Meyer, A. Kittel, and J. Parisi, Phys. Rev. E 54, p. 3082,
1996.
7. B. P. Bezruchko, A. S. Karavaev, V. I. Ponomarenko, and M. D. Prokhorov, Phys. Rev.
E 64, 056216-1, 2001.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 7
INTEGRATED OPTICAL BRAGG GRATINGS FOR FAST
ELECTROOPTICAL CONTROL OF SPECTRAL CHANNELS IN
OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Alexander Shamray, Alexander Kozlov, Igor Ilichev, Mikhail Petrov
I<strong>of</strong>fe Physico-Technical Institute, Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Quantum Electronics,
26 Polytekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
Phone: +7-812-2479336, fax: +7-812-247-1017, e-mail: achamrai@mail.i<strong>of</strong>fe.ru
A novel method <strong>of</strong> fast electrooptical control <strong>of</strong> the spectral response <strong>of</strong> Bragg
gratings has been developed. An integrated optical device for the control <strong>of</strong>
spectral channels based on this method has been fabricated and tested.
We have developed a novel technique <strong>of</strong> the electrooptical control <strong>of</strong> the spectral response
<strong>of</strong> Bragg gratings in LiNbO 3 single-mode channel waveguides. The technique is based on
inducing <strong>of</strong> the average refractive index discontinuities which lead to the transformation <strong>of</strong>
the shape <strong>of</strong> grating spectral response. An integrated optical device for demonstration <strong>of</strong>
the suggested technique has been fabricated. A photorefractive Bragg grating was formed
in the LiNbO 3 single mode optical waveguide by holographic recording. Average
refractive index discontinuities in the Bragg grating were produced and electrically
controlled by application <strong>of</strong> the external electric field with a specified spatial distribution
defined by electrodes <strong>of</strong> specially designed configuration. Two modes <strong>of</strong> the device
operation and two different regimes <strong>of</strong> its spectral response control have been
demonstrated. The first regime is simple tuning <strong>of</strong> the central wavelength <strong>of</strong> the Bragg
grating spectral response without changing its shape by application <strong>of</strong> a spatially uniform
electric field. The wavelength shift <strong>of</strong> about 0.1 nm has been obtained for an applied
electric field <strong>of</strong> 7.5 V/µm. This fast electrooptical tuning can be very attractive for
wavelength locking and laser stabilization. The second regime <strong>of</strong> the control is a
transformation <strong>of</strong> the shape <strong>of</strong> the Bragg grating spectral response. The application <strong>of</strong>
external electric field <strong>of</strong> the same magnitude (7.5 V/µm), but opposite polarity to different
halves <strong>of</strong> the grating produces the average refractive index discontinuity that results in
maximum transmittance at the central wavelength <strong>of</strong> the grating reflection band. Thus the
fast electrooptical switching from the stop-band mode to the pass-band mode has been
demonstrated. This mode <strong>of</strong> operation is very attractive for building optical Add/Drop
multiplexers, wavelength selective electrically controlled optical attenuators for optical
power equalizers, and electrooptical modulators (allowing modulation <strong>of</strong> one specific
wavelength channel without affecting the other channels). A high wavelength selectivity
(0.1 ÷ 0.01 nm), fast electrooptical control (to 10 ns), relatively low controlling voltages,
an integrated optical implementation, compatibility with other components in modern
optical networks, and possibility <strong>of</strong> mass production make this device extremely promising
as a key building block <strong>of</strong> various optical systems intended for control <strong>of</strong> narrow-band
spectral channels in WDM telecommunication systems.
The financial support <strong>of</strong> the INTAS (Grant Nr 04-83-3429) and Council <strong>of</strong> the grants
<strong>of</strong> President <strong>of</strong> Russian Federation for support <strong>of</strong> young russian scientists and leading
scientific schools (Grants NSH-98.2003.2 and MK-1520.2004.9) is gratefully
acknowledged.

8 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
OPTOELECTRONIC GATES ON BIPHOTONS
Yu. A. Asikritova, I.D. Balatsky, V.N. Gorbachev, A.I Trubilko
Nor'Westerly Institute <strong>of</strong> Printing <strong>of</strong> St.-Petersburg State
University <strong>of</strong> Technology and Design 13, Djambula, St.-Petersburg,
191180, Russia Tel: (+7 812) 164-6556 Fax: (+7 812) 164-6556
Laboratory <strong>of</strong> Quantum Information and Computation, St.-Petersburg
State University <strong>of</strong> AeroSpace Instrumentation, 67, Bolshaya
Morskaya, St.-Petersburg, 190000
E-mail: vn@vg3025.spb.edu
A set <strong>of</strong> the measurement-based gates exploiting bipartite entanglement is
considered. These gates allow to perform any operations on given input states
and can be implemented from biphotons.
Biphotons or pairs <strong>of</strong> strong correlated photons are well known in quantum optics
and there is a significant progress in their generating and manipulating. Because <strong>of</strong> nonclassical
correlation between photons their state is entangled and known as EPR (Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen) pair, that is a main resource <strong>of</strong> quantum information processing. In our
work we exploit the correlation to achieve a set <strong>of</strong> logical gates with optical input and
output. The gates proceed via measurement on the photons, when the measurement
outcomes or photocurrent <strong>of</strong> detectors carry out the gate operation.
Our gates belong to the class <strong>of</strong> the measurement based circuits, that perform
computations using quantum measurement as primitive. This idea has been introduced by
Gottesman and Chuang [1] and developed by many authors. In fact, any gate changes the
input state by transforming it into output. The state <strong>of</strong> the physical system can be changed
by two ways. First is an unitary evolution due from interaction between physical systems,
second is quantum projective measurement. Now there are two models <strong>of</strong> the measurement
based computation. First is teleportation quantum computation (TQC) [1,2] with gates based
on teleportation. Second is one-way quantum computer (1WQC) introduced Briegel [3] in
which computation proceeds via local single-qubit measurements on the multiparticle
entangled states, known as cluster or graph states. An experimental implementations <strong>of</strong>
1WQC using four-qubit optical cluster states have been demonstrated by Zeilinger [4] .
We consider a version <strong>of</strong> the measurement based gates using biphotons. The key idea
is a strong correlation between pair <strong>of</strong> photons A and B from biphoton. Let photon A is
measured, then the remainder photon B is projected into a state dependent from the
measurement outcome. Therefore there is a strong correlation between the quantum state <strong>of</strong>
B photon and the measurement outcomes (or photocurrent <strong>of</strong> detector) which are nice
electronic replica <strong>of</strong> B.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 9
Then we can combine outcomes or photocurrents from different biphotons to achieve
the desired relationship between the states <strong>of</strong> B photons. This is a gate, that transforms the
photon state from one to another. We focus on the next questions: 1/ which is a structure <strong>of</strong>
the gates from biphotons, 2/ which <strong>of</strong> operations can be performed. We found that
deterministic gates have to include a set <strong>of</strong> retrieval operators to correct the output state
when unwanted outcomes arise. It due from the probabilistic nature <strong>of</strong> quantum
measurement. We show that the gates are scalable and can perform any operation on given
input states, they differ from gates <strong>of</strong> TQC and 1WQC models.
In experiment with a pulsed-pump laser biphotons are generated with some
probability. Next estimations are true. Let be the laser with pulse <strong>of</strong> 100 fs, repetition rate
<strong>of</strong> 100 MHz and the average power 200 mW. Then probability <strong>of</strong> generation <strong>of</strong> pair is
about 10 -4 or one biphoton per 10 000 pulses and the rate <strong>of</strong> generation <strong>of</strong> biphotons is
10 4 per second. This is a high rate and it is attractive for real quantum communications.
This work was supported in part by Delzell Foundation, Inc.
1. D. Gottesman and I. Chuang. Quantum teleportation as a universal computational
primitive. Nature 1999. V. 402. P. 390-393.
2. M. A. Nielsen. Quantum computation by measurement and quantum memory. Phys.
Lett. A. 2003. V. 308. P. 96–100. D. W. Leung. Quantum computation by
measurements. Int. J. Quant. Inf. 2004 V. 2. P.33-43. D. W. Leung. Two qubit
projective measurements are universal for quantum computation. arXiv:quantph/0111122.
2001.
3. R. Raussendorf and H. J. Briegel. A one-way quantum computer. Phys. Rev. Lett.
2001. V. 86. P. 5188–5191. Raussendorf, D. E. Browne, and H. J. Briegel.
Measurement-based quantum computation with cluster states. Phys.Rev. A. 2003. V.
68. P.022312.
4. P. Walther, K.J. Resch, T. Rudolph, E. Schenck, H. Weinfurter, V. Vedral, M.
Aspelmeyer, .Zeilinger. Experimental One-Way Quantum Computing. arXiv:quantph/0503126.
2005.

10 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
UNCERTAINTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR ANGULAR POSITION AND
ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF LIGHT
Eric Yao and Miles Padgett,
Department <strong>of</strong> Physics and Astronomy, University <strong>of</strong> Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
Sonja Franke-Arnold and Stephen Barnett,
Department <strong>of</strong> Physics, University <strong>of</strong> Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
E-mail: e.yao@physics.gla.ac.uk
We confirm both the form <strong>of</strong> the angular uncertainty relationship and the
Fourier-nature <strong>of</strong> the relationship for more complex aperture functions. The
angular uncertainty relation suggests a new method for secure free space
optical communications.
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is commonly encountered as a relationship
between the standard deviations <strong>of</strong> momentum and position, ∆x ∆p
≥ h 2
[1] . Although
frequently associated with quantum mechanics, it applies to any pair <strong>of</strong> variables that are
related by a Fourier-transform, whether they be classical or quantum observables.
Momentum and position are both unbounded and continuous variables and the relationship
between them is a continuous Fourier-transform. Angular momentum is more complicated
since its conjugate variable, angle, is a repeating function within a 2π range. We show
that, when applied to light beams, measurements in the distribution <strong>of</strong> angular momentum
states are subject to a discrete Fourier-transform relationship with angular position. The 2π
cyclic nature <strong>of</strong> angular measurement raises issues with the formulation <strong>of</strong> an angular
uncertainty relationship which stem from the fact that angle is an unbounded variable and
its associated standard deviation is ill-defined. However, in keeping with the work <strong>of</strong> Pegg
and Barnett [2] , if one defines angle only over the 2π range, one discovers a self-consistent
set <strong>of</strong> relationships that provide predictive formulae relating to the limiting accuracy <strong>of</strong>
possible measurements.
One area <strong>of</strong> quantum physics where angular momentum is becoming <strong>of</strong> extreme
importance is that <strong>of</strong> optical beams. For a beam with helical phase fronts described by
exp(il φ) the orbital angular momentum is lh per photon and can be measured in a variety
<strong>of</strong> ways. Most simply, diffractive components can confirm whether or not a particular
beam, or indeed photon <strong>of</strong> light, is described by a specific value <strong>of</strong> l .
We have previously measured the angular momentum <strong>of</strong> an l =0 light beam after
passage through an angular restriction [3] . We confirmed that the resulting spread in orbital
angular momentum states has a Fourier relationship with the angular transmission function
<strong>of</strong> the aperture. Furthermore, for an aperture centred at φ =0, with a width characterised by
a standard deviation over a 2π range, the relative uncertainties obey the relationship
∆L∆φ
≥ h 1−
2πP(
−π
) 2 - an expression compatible with the Pegg Barnett Phase.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 11
In this work we concentrate on single photons, initially with non-zero l , and measure
the statistical distribution <strong>of</strong> l -states after transmission through generalised apertures.
Experimentally we generate a low intensity laser beam in a precise l -state using a He-Ne
laser whose beam is collimated and expanded to fill the aperture <strong>of</strong> an addressable spatial
light modulator. The modulator is programmed with a diffraction grating containing a fork
dislocation to produce a beam with a helical phase in the first diffraction order. A second
spatial light modulator is used to analyse the l -state. If the index <strong>of</strong> the analysing
hologram is opposite to that <strong>of</strong> the incoming beam, it transforms the beam back into a
plane wave which can be focused to pass through a diffraction limited pinhole. Cycling
through various indices whilst monitoring the power transmitted through the pinhole
allows the l -state <strong>of</strong> the incoming beam to be deduced. The same analysing hologram can
be combined with the angular aperture giving a single optical component that both sets the
angular aperture and measures the resulting l -distribution. We count the individual
photons transmitted through the pinhole using a photon counter.
We confirm experimentally both the form <strong>of</strong> the angular uncertainty relationship and
the Fourier-nature <strong>of</strong> the relationship for more complex aperture functions.
1. E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics (John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane,1998).
2. S.M. Barnett and D.T. Pegg, “Quantum theory <strong>of</strong> rotation angles”, Phys.Rev.A 41,
3427 (1990).
3. S. Frank-Arnold, S.M. Barnett, E. Yao, J. Leach, J. Courtial and M.J. Padgett,
“Uncertainty principle for angular position and angular momentum”, New J. Phys. 6,
103 (2004).

12 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
OPTICAL CORRELATION SYSTEMS FOR SECURITY
VERIFICATION
Muravsky L.I.
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute <strong>of</strong> NAS Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
“Optical Security Systems”
The overview <strong>of</strong> recent advances in optical image processing technologies for
security verification <strong>of</strong> documents and products is represented. The most
typical optical correlation systems for fingerprint and random phase mask
identification are considered.
The recent advances in development <strong>of</strong> optical image processing technologies for
security verification <strong>of</strong> documents and products are analyzed in this lecture. As a rule,
biometric images and phase masks are used as optical security elements (optical marks) in
these technologies. The optical marks are attached to an object that should be protected
from a counterfeiting. Because such marks are the transparent patterns, the optical
correlation methods can be simply adopted for their identification. A Vander Lugt
correlator and a joint transform correlator architectures are widely used for these
purposes. [1-4] But the hybrid optical-digital realizations <strong>of</strong> mentioned above architectures
are the most hopeful for creation <strong>of</strong> high-speed and reliable security verification systems.
Two main directions in the development <strong>of</strong> optoelectronic correlation systems for
security verification are considered in this report. First direction is represented by
correlation methods and systems for identification <strong>of</strong> biometric images, in particular,
fingerprints and faces. Second direction includes the information technologies for
identification <strong>of</strong> random, pseudorandom or deterministic phase masks and composed
patterns containing both phase mask and a fingerprint. First direction was developed after
invention <strong>of</strong> holographic matched filters. However absence <strong>of</strong> high-performance portable
devices for input-output <strong>of</strong> optical information those years has not allowed creating <strong>of</strong>
high-reliability automatic identification systems. Recently, the occurrence <strong>of</strong> high-speed
spatial light modulators and video cameras based on CCD- and CMOS-sensors has
stimulated creation <strong>of</strong> hybrid optical-digital correlation systems for fingerprint
identification. The “True Recognition System” (Mytec Technologies Inc.) [1] and the
compact correlation system for fingerprint recognition (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.) [2] are
the typical examples <strong>of</strong> good results in this direction. Development <strong>of</strong> second direction was
initiated by Horner and Javidi. [3,4] The high-performance experimental setups <strong>of</strong> optical
and hybrid systems for identification <strong>of</strong> random phase masks were created in last years.
So-called transformed phase mask [5,6] can be considered as the improved modification <strong>of</strong> a
random phase mask. If a random phase mask is identified, only one sharp and narrow
correlation peak is formed at the optical correlator output. But if we use a transformed
phase mask for identification, several sharp peaks are produced. The relative positioning <strong>of</strong>
these peaks generates the spatial protective code that can be represented as a feature vector.
The identification <strong>of</strong> a presenting transformed phase mask is realized by comparison <strong>of</strong> its
feature vector with a reference feature vector. Such property <strong>of</strong> a transformed PM allows
raising the security level <strong>of</strong> a protected object.
The hybrid optical-digital system created in Karpenko Physiko-Mechanical Institute
<strong>of</strong> NAS Ukraine is intended for security verification <strong>of</strong> credit cards and other similar
products. [7-10] This system is built up on the basis <strong>of</strong> a joint transform correlator
architecture. It consists <strong>of</strong> an optical Fourier processor, a CCD-camera, and a PC with

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 13
developed s<strong>of</strong>tware for realization <strong>of</strong> the 512×512-pixel Fast Fourier transform. A
transformed phase mask is used in this device as an optical mark bonded to a credit card to
be identified. This mask is intended for protection <strong>of</strong> valuable papers and documents from
counterfeiting. The time <strong>of</strong> an optical mark identification in this system is about 500 ms for
a Pentium144Hz PC.
Creation <strong>of</strong> correlation systems for identification <strong>of</strong> reflecting phase masks and
optical marks fabricated on basis <strong>of</strong> transparent phase masks was the next step in
development <strong>of</strong> new optical security information technologies. For example, the
optoelectronic verification system based on an optical joint Fourier transform (Physical
Optics Corp.) [11] is the high-performance tool for identification <strong>of</strong> reflecting random phase
masks. Another approach for identification <strong>of</strong> reflecting optical marks consists in usage <strong>of</strong>
reflecting joint power spectrum <strong>of</strong> a transformed and reference phase masks recorded on a
chalcogenide glass. [12] The simple Fourier processor can be used as a security device for
identification <strong>of</strong> such marks.
Thus, the proposed overview indicated the wide possibilities <strong>of</strong> optoelectronic
correlation systems for security verification. Besides the protection <strong>of</strong> documents, products
and things from counterfeiting, the considered information technologies can be used for
creation <strong>of</strong> optoelectronic locks and image encryption devices.
1. A. Stoianov, C. Soutar, A.Graham, Opt. Eng. 38, №1, 99-107, (1999).
2. Y. Kobayashi, H.Toyoda, Opt. Eng. 38, №7, 1205-1210, (1999).
3. J.L. Horner, B. Javidi, Euro-American Workshop on Optical Pattern Recognition, 193-
203 // Eds. Javidi B. and Réfrégier P., Bellingham. SPIE Optical Engineering Press,
(1994).
4. B. Javidi, J.L. Horner, Opt. Eng. 33, №6, 1752-1756, (1994).
5. L.I. Muravsky, V.M. Fitio, M.V. Shovgenyuk, P.A. Hlushak, Proc. SPIE. 3466, 267-
277, (1998).
6. L.I. Muravsky, T.I. Voronyak, V.M. Fitio, M.V. Shovgenyuk, Opt. Eng. 38, №1, 25-
32, (1999).
7. L.I. Muravsky, Proc. SPIE. 4535, 132-136, 2001.
8. L.I. Muravsky, Ya.P. Kulynych, O.P. Maksymenko, T.I. Voronyak, F.L. Vladimirov,
S.A.Kostyukevych, V.M. Fitio, Semicond. Phys., Quantum Electr. & Optoelectronics.
5, №2, 222-230, (2002).
9. А.А. Акаев, С.Б. Гуревич, К.М. Жумалиев, Л.И. Муравский, С.Н. Смирнова,
Голография и оптическая обработка информации: избранные разделы //
Бишкек, Санкт-Петербург. Учкун. 2003.
10. Л.И. Муравский, А.П. Максименко, Т.И. Вороняк, А.Г. Куць, С.А. Костюкевич,
Оптич. журн. 70, №8, 34-39, (2003).
11. R. Shie, SPIE’s oemagazine. March, 2004.
12. L.I. Muravsky, S.O. Kostyukevych, T.I. Voronyak, P.E. Shepeliavyi, Proc. SPIE,
5310, 377-386, (2004).

14 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
DETERMINATION OF SPECKLE DISPLACEMENT BY HYBRID
OPTICAL-DIGITAL SPECKLE CORRELATOR
Sakharuk O. M., Fityo N. V., Muravsky L. I., Yezhov P. V.*
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute <strong>of</strong> NAS <strong>of</strong> Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
*Institute <strong>of</strong> Physics <strong>of</strong> NAS <strong>of</strong> Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
The comparative analysis <strong>of</strong> the hybrid optical-digital speckle correlation
technique and digital speckle correlation technique is carried out. Description
<strong>of</strong> the hybrid optical-digital speckle correlator (ODSC) with first digital stage
and second optical stage is represented. The systematic and random errors <strong>of</strong>
speckle pattern’s displacements obtained by ODSC are analyzed.
Recently, methods <strong>of</strong> digital speckle correlation have been used for variety <strong>of</strong> nondestructive
testing problem solutions [1] . However, the traditional digital speckle correlation
(DSC) techniques doesn’t cover advantages <strong>of</strong> nonlinear transformation and spatial
filtration <strong>of</strong> image spectrum for improvement <strong>of</strong> correlator performance, namely decrease
noise and narrow correlation peak, which lead to exact definition <strong>of</strong> peak position and thus
displacement <strong>of</strong> an image. Only Chen et al. [2] have used the Kumar-Hasselbrook filter [3] to
improve DSC performance. Later, Muravsky et al. [4] have proposed optical speckledisplacement
correlation technique based on joint transform correlator architecture for
study <strong>of</strong> in-plane speckle displacements, where nonlinear transformation (median and
subset median binarization) and filtration (fringe adjusted filter) <strong>of</strong> a joint power spectrum
(JPS) <strong>of</strong> two input images were used.
We have created hybrid optical-digital speckle correlator with digital first stage and
optical second stage that possess advantages <strong>of</strong> nonlinear spatial transformation and
filtration. This correlator is combined with a tensile-testing machine, which apply the
external loading to studied specimen <strong>of</strong> structural material. A strainless surface S 1 and a
strained surface S 2 <strong>of</strong> the specimen are illuminated by a light source. The CMOS-camera
captures the speckle patterns <strong>of</strong> these surfaces and enters these patterns into the PC (ODSC
first stage). To study systematic and random errors, we have used computer-generated
speckle patterns r and g. The PC divide speckle patterns r and g into the equal quantity <strong>of</strong>
identical subimages r mn , and g m , n and produces the joint spectrum (JS) <strong>of</strong> each
corresponding pair <strong>of</strong> these subimages R * m,n S m,n . Then PC performs JS interpolation and
nonlinear transformation to raise accuracy definition <strong>of</strong> correlation peak position at output
<strong>of</strong> ODSC. Further, the transformed JS is inserted into an electrically addressed spatial light
modulator (EASLM), which can be treated as the second stage's input. The second stage is
an optical Fourier processor OFP containing a laser diode and Fourier lens. The
transformed JS is recorded on the EASLM and is read by a laser beam. A correlation
response is produced on the ODSC output. The correlation peak is detected by a sensor
array <strong>of</strong> a camera and its coordinates are defined by using PC. Usage <strong>of</strong> time-consuming
algorithm <strong>of</strong> subpixel resolution for peak determination can be omitted in given system by
recording <strong>of</strong> correlation peak with the whole array <strong>of</strong> camera.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 15
So, the elaborated ODSC allows accelerating the time-consuming processes <strong>of</strong>
subimage cross-correlation and high-precision determination <strong>of</strong> correlation peak location.
The performance <strong>of</strong> this system was studied by analysing the computer generated speckle
patterns introduced at the correlator’s input. The systematic and random errors <strong>of</strong> speckle
pattern’s displacements obtained by ODSC were analyzed.
Presentation <strong>of</strong> this paper was partially supported by ICO travel-grant program.
1. Digital speckle pattern interferometry and related techniques / Ed. by P.K.Rastogi. –
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
2. Chen D.J., Chiang F.P., Tan F.P., Don H.S. Digital speckle-displacement measurement
using a complex spectrum method // Appl. Opt., 32, 1839-1949, (1993).
3. B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, L. Hassebrook Performance measures for correlation filters //
Appl. Opt., 29, 2997-3006, (1990).
4. L.I. Muravsky, O.P. Maksymenko, O.M. Sakharuk, “Use <strong>of</strong> a joint transform correlator
architecture for study <strong>of</strong> speckle displacements,” Optics Communication, 240, №4-6,
275-291, (2004).

16 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
MODELLING THE SPECKLE PATTERNS OF DEFORMABLE
SURFACE FOR RIGID BODY MOTION ELIMINATION
Fityo N. V.
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute <strong>of</strong> NAS <strong>of</strong> Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
Technique for determination and elimination <strong>of</strong> rigid body motion (RBM)
during study <strong>of</strong> surface deformation fields is described. Performance <strong>of</strong> the
given technique is shown by using computer-generated speckle-patterns.
The digital speckle correlation (DSC) technique is one <strong>of</strong> the techniques for study
surface deformation in fracture mechanics [1] . DSC technique is based on comparison <strong>of</strong>
speckle-patterns <strong>of</strong> specimen surfaces before and after loading. This technique allows us to
receive 2D discrete field <strong>of</strong> displacements using cross-correlation <strong>of</strong> the initial specklepattern
subimages and appropriate subimages <strong>of</strong> the strained surface speckle-pattern.
However, such procedure <strong>of</strong> displacement field determination leads to the situation when
displacement fields will contain not only field <strong>of</strong> deformations, but also the displacement
<strong>of</strong> whole pattern, <strong>of</strong>ten called rigid body motion (RBM) [2] . This paper represents the new
technique for determination <strong>of</strong> RBM proposed by the author. Analysis <strong>of</strong> the given
technique <strong>of</strong> RBM determination is performed with a help <strong>of</strong> computer generated specklepatterns.
In order to analyze mentioned above technique, the test speckle-patterns were
generated according to [3] . The dimensions <strong>of</strong> the patterns were 512 by 512 pixels. Taking
into account possible nonuniformities <strong>of</strong> the specimen surface and other errors during
experiments, the random errors were introduced along both x- and y- axis. Deformation <strong>of</strong>
the pattern was introduced only along x-axis: left edge <strong>of</strong> the pattern was fixed and right
edge was stretched. The area with the absence <strong>of</strong> deformation was also formed in the
image. Speckle-patterns before and after loading were divided into the equal quantity <strong>of</strong>
subimages with dimensions 32 by 32 pixels. To achieve the subpixel resolution <strong>of</strong>
displacement determination, the interpolation algorithm represented in [3] was used.
We have found the dependence between the values <strong>of</strong> deformation (in pixels) and
RBM (in pixels) for appropriate determination <strong>of</strong> zero order deformation area by this
technique. Reasons <strong>of</strong> improper or impossible determination <strong>of</strong> zero order deformation
areas for given parameters were analyzed.
Presentation <strong>of</strong> this paper was partially supported by ICO travel-grant program.
1. Digital speckle pattern interferometry and related techniques / Ed. by P.K.Rastogi. –
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
2. Муравський Л.И., Фитьо Н.В. Оценка перемещений поверхностей
деформируемых объектов и твердых тел техникой оптической спекл-корреляции
// Оптический журнал, 72, №5, 67-72, (2005).
3. Sjödahl M., Benckert L.R. Electronic speckle photography: analysis <strong>of</strong> an algorithm
giving the displacement with subpixel accuracy // Appl. Opt., 32, 2278-2284, (1993).

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 17
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT BY IMPROVED CONTRAST-
STRETCHING TECHNIQUE
Ching-Chung Yang, Department <strong>of</strong> Electronic Engineering, Far East College,
49 Chung Hua Road, Hsin-Shih, Tainan, Taiwan, R. O. C.
E-mail: yang10.cc@msa.hinet.net
We demonstrate a modified contrast-stretching method to enhance a nonuniformly
illuminated image. Low-frequency information <strong>of</strong> the image is still
processed by the conventional technique, while the high-frequency information
is exaggerated by the log transformation. The final image improves the contrast
to a better extent.
This article demonstrates a brand new approach to sharpening a non-uniformly
illuminated image. The proposed method at first separates the original image matrix to two
sub-matrices representing the high and low frequency information. The low frequency submatrix
is then processed by the contrast-stretching manipulation, while the high frequency
sub-matrix processed by the log transformation. At last we reconstruct these two new submatrices
to derive the enhanced final image.
The element in the high frequency sub-matrix is represented by (I 1 -I 2 )/2, and that <strong>of</strong>
the low frequency is (I 1 +I 2 )/2. Where I 1 I 2 are any two near-by pixels among the original
image matrix.
In this study, the low frequency information is processed by the conventional rubberband
transformation to raise the image’s contrast. In the meantime, the near-by pixels’
visibility [(I 1 -I 2 )/(I 1 +I 2 )] is also improved for that the high frequency information is
simultaneously enhanced by the log transformation. Thus the original image could be
further sharpened on the bases <strong>of</strong> the traditional algorithm.
We illustrate our method by employing a temple’s image that is partially shaded
indoors as shown in Figure 1(a). The original image looks unclear in the shaded area owing
to the lack <strong>of</strong> illumination. Our method could sharpen the whole image to a better extent in
comparison with the conventional contrast-stretching approach. This is shown in Figure
1(b)1(c).
To quantitatively evaluate our method, we compare the histograms <strong>of</strong> the processed
images by Matlab 6.0. It is clear that the original picture gathers its pixels in lower graylevels
as shown in Figure 2(a). Although the conventional method shifts these pixels
toward the higher gray-level as shown in Figure 2(b), the discontinuity happening in the
lower gray-level region somehow degrades its own contrast. While by using our method,
the final image continuously spreads its pixels from lower to higher gray-levels without
any discontinuity as shown in Figure 2(c). This would help to increase the overall contrast
<strong>of</strong> the original image.
We also calculate the statistical data including the mean value, standard deviation,
minimum, and maximum. The calculated mean value implies that our method is essentially
based on the conventional contrast-stretching approach. While by comparison with the
standard deviations, it is obvious that our image has better performance in the contrast
property. This is also shown in Table 1.

18 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: (a) The original image. (b) Image (a) processed by the conventional contrast-stretching
method. (c) Image (a) processed by our method.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2: (a)-(c) are histograms <strong>of</strong> Figure 1(a)-(c) respectively
Table 1: Statistical data <strong>of</strong> Figure 1(a)-(c) respectively
Figure 1(a) Figure 1(b) Figure 1(c)
Minimum 1 2 0
Maximum 255 255 255
Mean 64.23 102.23 101.79
Standard deviation 58.64 59.13 65.72
1. Ching Chung Yang. Improving the sharpness <strong>of</strong> an image with non-uniform
illumination. Optics and Laser Technology. 2005. vol. 37. p. 235.
2. Ching Chung Yang. Image enhancement by modified contrast-stretching manipulation.
Optics and Laser Technology. in press.
3. Eugene Hecht. Optics. 2nd ed. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley; 1987. p. 507.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 19
FOTOBIOFTAL-1: A DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND
STORAGE SYSTEM FOR AN OPHTHALMIC INSTRUMENT
S. Miclos, M. Mustata, D. Savastru, C. Cotirlan, T. Brezeanu, E. Ristici,
A. Stefanescu-Dima*
National Institute <strong>of</strong> R&D for Optoelectronics
* Bucharest Clinical Eye Hospital
E-mail: es<strong>of</strong>ina@inoe.inoe.ro
Fotobi<strong>of</strong>tal-1 system is an instrument containing an optical stereomicroscope
and a data acquisition, processing and storage system. Using EPCO 2000
s<strong>of</strong>tware, the obtained information leads to optimal treatments for different
diseases in the ophthalmologic therapies.
In this paper we have followed data acquisition on eye crystalline lens. If the aspect
<strong>of</strong> the crystalline lens may be put into evidence by a noninvasive optical device, then the
obtained results lead to the possibility for opening the necessary investigations and
therapies [1,2,3] using a correct technique that can prevent the developing <strong>of</strong> the diseases
(opacity).
One <strong>of</strong> the medical therapies is based on laser [4] . It is a surgical operation that can be
done also in clinics and ambulatory.
Fotobi<strong>of</strong>tal-1 is a noninvasive instrument based on a stereomicroscope combined
with a data acquisition, processing and storage system (containing CCD camera and PC
computer). The real time images allow knowing the grade <strong>of</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> the disease and
regarding <strong>of</strong> it, the ophthalmologist may get a real conclusion on the therapy which must
be used.
The experimental set–up is a useful combination between a stereomicroscope and an
image acquisition system.
The data acquisition, processing and storage system allows to get real time images
and these images may be used during a long period <strong>of</strong> observation <strong>of</strong> the patients. The
device comprises a digital photo camera attached by an adaptor to a stereomicroscope in a
lateral region, a PC or a note-book with USB interface and also the s<strong>of</strong>tware. A schematic
<strong>of</strong> the medical process is presented in Fig.1.
Adaptor module for digital
camera
DIGITAL
CCD camera
PC or NOTE-BOOK
P
A
C
I
E
N
T
Ophthalmic
stereomicroscope
ophthalmologist
diagnostic
data base
imaging
Fig. 1. Schematic <strong>of</strong> data acquisition, processing and storage system <strong>of</strong> Fotobi<strong>of</strong>tal-1
The operating mode <strong>of</strong> the data system consists in obtaining <strong>of</strong> the images from the
visual plane in order to transmit them through the adaptor digital CCD camera that will
transmit the image to PC or note-book through the USB interface.

20 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
Special s<strong>of</strong>tware will process all these images and then these data and images will be
stored in a data base. The optical scheme <strong>of</strong> the Fotobi<strong>of</strong>tal -1 is presented in Fig.2.
f ob γ L f aux f oc
f F
Fig. 2. Optical scheme <strong>of</strong> the Fotobi<strong>of</strong>tal -1
The data processing system uses the s<strong>of</strong>tware EPCO 2000. This s<strong>of</strong>tware is used to
determine the opacity <strong>of</strong> the posterior capsule (OPC) using the morphological evaluation.
The opacity <strong>of</strong> the posterior capsule is an ordinary complication <strong>of</strong> the post surgical effect
<strong>of</strong> the crystalline implantation (Fig.3 a).
a
b
Fig. 3. The region <strong>of</strong> opacity <strong>of</strong> the posterior capsule
Using the pencil/mouse and colored regions the image can be easier specified (Fig.3
b). The program computes directly the opacity <strong>of</strong> the posterior capsule and the ophthalmist
can decide the necessary therapy.
The system allows the following facilities: scanning <strong>of</strong> the cristaline lens; the
identification <strong>of</strong> different regions by colors which are displayed on the screen <strong>of</strong> the PC
computer; recording <strong>of</strong> the cristaline lens different regions; obtaining <strong>of</strong> a data base for the
patients. Also, the EPCO 2000 is good to determine the influence <strong>of</strong> the used implant types
and another factors in developing <strong>of</strong> the posterior capsule.
1. Stefanescu-Dima, Cristina Stoica, Luminita Ursea, “Posterior Capsulotomy: When
Where How”, ”Ophtalmology”, No. 3, pp. 93-100, 2003.
2. P.I.Grecu, A. Stefanescu-Dima, Cristina Stoica, Luminita Ursea, Biolaser-1 Romanian
initiative in domain <strong>of</strong> photodisruptive ophthalmic lasers, Nat. Conf. for
Ophtalmology, Sept. 2002, Cluj, Romania.
3. Zachary S. Sacks, Frieder Loesel et al., “Transscleral photodisruption for treatment <strong>of</strong>
glaucoma”, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3726, pp. 516-521, 1998.
4. D. Savastru, S. Miclos, C. Cotirlan, E. Ristici, M. Mustata, M. Mogildea, G. Mogildea,
T. Dragu, R. Morarescu, „Nd:YAG Laser System for Ophthalmology: Biolaser-1”, J. <strong>of</strong>
Optoelectronics and Advances Materials Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2004, p 497-502.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 21
3-D MEASUREMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE GLASS BY USING A
REFLECTIVE FRINGE TECHNIQUE
Oleksandr A. Skydan, Michael J. Lalor and David R. Burton
General Engineering Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University,
James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, England, UK
There has been much interest in the automotive industry in developing non-contact
techniques for measurement <strong>of</strong> reflective surfaces to provide in-line glass shape quality
control system. This presentation describes a technique for the measurement <strong>of</strong> non fullfield
reflective surfaces <strong>of</strong> automotive glass by using a reflective fringe technique. The
theoretical principles <strong>of</strong> phase demodulation using a basic four-steps algorithm and further
3-D height reconstruction procedures in the case <strong>of</strong> measuring surfaces with specular
reflective properties like curved glass are explained.
Physical properties <strong>of</strong> the measurement surfaces do not allow us to apply optical
geometries used in existing techniques for surface measurement based upon direct fringe
pattern illumination. However, this property <strong>of</strong> surface reflectivity can be used to
implement similar ideas from existing techniques in a new improved method. In other
words the reflective surface can be used as a mirror to reflect illuminated fringe patterns
onto a screen behind. It has been found that in the case <strong>of</strong> implementing the reflective
fringe technique, the phase shift distribution depends not only on the height <strong>of</strong> the object
but also on the slope in each measurement point. This requires the solving <strong>of</strong> differential
equations to find the surface slope and height distributions in the x and y directions and
development <strong>of</strong> the additional height reconstruction algorithms.
The main focus has been made on developing a mathematical model <strong>of</strong> the optical
sub-system and discussing ways for its practical implementation including calibration
routines, and possible problems which may arise during real measurement processes.
Figure 1 shows the optical system used in the reflected-fringe technique.
Camera
Screen
x
Projector A 2
z
Surface element
y
H
Figure 1. Fringe reflection optical system
A surface point A is observed by the CCD camera. The beam from a point on the
screen A 1 reflects via surface point A to the CCD camera. By tilting the surface element at
a different angle α and changing the surface element height the surface point A will reflect
point A 2 from the screen onto the CCD camera. This means that the shift between the
reference point and the measured point <strong>of</strong> the object is proportional to the surface slope
and its height. When a fringe pattern is illuminated by the LCD projector, for example, the
fringes are distorted in accordance with the slope and height <strong>of</strong> the measurement object in
the x and y directions.
h
A
R
θ
α
z y
A 1

22 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
A number <strong>of</strong> implemented image processing algorithms for system calibration and
data analysis are discussed and several experimental results are given for automotive glass
surfaces with different shapes and defects. A measurement <strong>of</strong> a spherical mirror with
known radius has been used for calibration purposes and also has been included to show
the precision <strong>of</strong> the developed technique.
A video projector was used in the system with a resolution 1024x768 pixels. A
progressive scan camera was applied for image recording. The digitisation resolution is
768x576 pixels. Figure 2 shows some key stages during the process <strong>of</strong> specular surface
measurement. A piece <strong>of</strong> automotive glass (800 x 500mm) has been measured. A number
<strong>of</strong> fringe patterns are grabbed shifted in both directions, see figure 2 (a) and (b) and the
wrapped phase is calculated for the x and y directions, as shown in figures 2 (c) and (d). A
masking algorithm separates the background area from the measurement object. The
unwrapped phase is obtained by applying the unwrapping algorithm to the wrapped phase
distribution. Calculated surface height map distribution and its scaled pr<strong>of</strong>ile view are
shown in figure 2 (e) and (f) respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 2. Measurement <strong>of</strong> the automotive side glass
Finally, aspects <strong>of</strong> implementing the reflective fringe technique are discussed in
terms <strong>of</strong> further development and configuration <strong>of</strong> the measurement system for the needs
<strong>of</strong> the glass industry. This technique showed the ability to provide accurate non-destructive
3-D shape and defect inspection <strong>of</strong> the reflective measurement surface <strong>of</strong> curved or flat
glass and can be used as a key element for glass quality control system on-line or in a
laboratory environment.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 23
THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT INTEGRAL-GEOMETRIC
METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL
INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGES
A.A. Aliverdiev
Institute <strong>of</strong> Physics, Daghestan Scientific Center <strong>of</strong> Russian Academy <strong>of</strong> the Science
367003, Russia, Daghestan, Makhachkala, 94 Yaragskogo Street
E-mail: aliverdi@frascati.enea.it, URL: http://aliverdi.rusf.net
Here we present our approach to apply the direct integral-geometric methods in
analysis <strong>of</strong> interferometric images. These approaches give the possibility to
increase the precision <strong>of</strong> further physical analysis, and the automation <strong>of</strong> some
steps <strong>of</strong> analysis.
In our resent works we have considered the use <strong>of</strong> the back [1-4] and direct [4-10] Radon
transform for the different physical applications. Here we report some new data about the
application <strong>of</strong> the direct Radon transform for the interferometric image analysis, which we
already tested for the experimental data diagnostic <strong>of</strong> laser plasma and for the ESPI
measurements.
We already reported [11] some results <strong>of</strong> an experimental investigation <strong>of</strong> the
temporal evolution <strong>of</strong> plasmas produced by laser irradiation. The experimental set up
includes a Nd:glass high power laser system with typical intensity <strong>of</strong> 10 14 W/cm 3 and
duration 600 ps, a probe beam (Nd:YAG converted to 2ω) coupled to an interferometer
and to a streak-camera with ps/µm resolution. The density <strong>of</strong> free electrons in that
conditions could be considered proportional to the phase shift in the interferometric a
streak-camera image. So, the precision <strong>of</strong> the determination <strong>of</strong> phase shift is the crucial
point <strong>of</strong> the analysis. But unfortunately the quality <strong>of</strong> real experimental interferograms is
not good. The separate time-dependence <strong>of</strong> the streak-camera image intensity for the
certain x 0 doesn't contain the full information about the real phase shift cause <strong>of</strong> presence
<strong>of</strong> a strong noise, which can be resulted and in the neglecting or shift <strong>of</strong> a real extremes,
both in the appearance <strong>of</strong> a false extremes. But from other hand, the averaging by axis x
doesn't give the good results, because <strong>of</strong> it smoothes the picture. To overcome this problem
we <strong>of</strong>fer the averaging with time shifts, with a characteristic velocity more or less
correspondent to real velocity. The peculiarities <strong>of</strong> this method are discussed in the present
report for the first time.
We also present the method <strong>of</strong> image analysis for the automatic set up <strong>of</strong> an
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). The idea <strong>of</strong> our method is to make a
direct Radon-like transformation for each pixel (x 0 , y 0 ) a 2D field <strong>of</strong> an image brightness
s0
B(x,y): g( x y s = ∫ B x + s ⋅ − p ⋅ y + s ⋅ + p ⋅ dp
0,
0 )( , φ ) ( 0 cos( φ)
sin( φ),
0 sin( φ)
cos( φ))
, where
−s0
( s , φ)
are the normal co-ordinates <strong>of</strong> the Radon-like transformation, p is the variable <strong>of</strong>
integration, and then we calculate the rms spatial deviation by s
2
2
σ s ( φ)
= ( g(
s,
φ)
− g(
s,
φ)
) , the maximum <strong>of</strong> which determines two value: (i)
s
s
immediate max φ ( σ s ), and (ii) the corresponded angle φ (( σ s )
max
) . Similar transformation
we already used in some other applications. So, from 2D function B(x,y) we have two

24 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
functions depended from same 2D field, but, how it is shown after, gives a clear defect
location. The experimental results, made in the frameworks <strong>of</strong> the International Project
GLAST, are presented.
Our investigations show a perspective <strong>of</strong> our approach. The submitted results have
both methodological and applied significance for the pattern analysis.
Author is very grateful to the Pr<strong>of</strong>. C. Moriconi, Pr<strong>of</strong>. D. Batani, Pr<strong>of</strong>.
M.G. Karimov, Pr<strong>of</strong>. N.A. Ashurbekov, Dr. M.A. Caponero, and Dr. E. Bacchi for the
teamwork and fruitful discussions. The work was supported by the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education
<strong>of</strong> Russia program “The development <strong>of</strong> the potential <strong>of</strong> Higher School” (34054).
1. A.A. Aliverdiev. Application <strong>of</strong> the velocity spectrum to a spatiotemporal study <strong>of</strong>
high-speed processes. // Technical Physics, No. 9, 1997, p.1102-1103.
2. A.A. Aliverdiev. On the Possibility <strong>of</strong> Using the Velocity <strong>of</strong> Recorded Signal for
Tomographic Study <strong>of</strong> Excited Media. // Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics, 40,
No. 6, 1997, p. 504-509.
3. G.K. Makhtimagomedov, M.G. Karimov, A.A. Aliverdiev, R.M. Batyrov, G.M.
Khalilulaev, A.A. Amirova, M.M. Akhmedov, M.M. Ataev. About the modelling <strong>of</strong>
spatial-temporal tomographic reconstruction <strong>of</strong> sphere <strong>of</strong> phase transitions. // Proc. <strong>of</strong>
International Conference "Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena in Condensed
Matter", Makhachkala, Russia, 1998, B3-6.
4. Aliverdiev. Applications <strong>of</strong> the time-resolved integral-geometric methods for the
composite materials diagnostic. // “Scientific Israel – Technological Advantages”,
2002, No. 4, p. 108-111.
5. A.A. Aliverdiev. Application <strong>of</strong> the direct Radon transformation for handling a
spatially - time dependence <strong>of</strong> spontaneous radiation <strong>of</strong> a nanosecond breakdown. //
Proc. <strong>of</strong>. 25th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, Nagoya,
Japan, July 17 - 22, V. 4, 2001, p. 59-60.
6. Aliverdiev, M. Caponero, C. Moriconi. Speckle Velocimeter for a Self-Powered
Vehicle, Technical Physics, 2002, No.8, p. 1044-1048.
7. Aliverdiev; M. Caponero, C. Moriconi. Speckle-velocimeter for robotized vehicles,
<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> SPIE, Volume 5147, 2003, pp. 140-147.
8. Aliverdiev, M. Caponero, and С. Moriconi. Some Issues Concerning the Development
<strong>of</strong> a Speckle Velocimeter, Technical Physics, Vol. 48, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1460–1463.
9. A.A. Aliverdiev, R.D. Conza, M.A. Caponero, and C. Moriconi. About
authomatisation <strong>of</strong> dynamic Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry measurements in
application to defect detection // Proc. <strong>of</strong> LOYS, June 30- July 4, 2003, St. Petersburg,
Russia, p. 29.
10. A. Aliverdiev, N. A. Ashurbekov, Application <strong>of</strong> the Direct Radon Transform for
Processing <strong>of</strong> a Spatiotemporal Dependence <strong>of</strong> Spontaneous Emission from a
Nanosecond Discharge in Long Tubes, Russian Physics Journal, 47, Issue 3, March,
2004, pp. 331 - 332.
11. Aliverdiev, D. Batani, V. Malka, T. Vinci, M. Koenig, A. Benuzzi-Mounaix. About the
temporal evolution <strong>of</strong> plasmas, produced from solid targets by high-power laser
irradiation // Proc. <strong>of</strong> International Conference “Phase transition, critical and non-linear
phenomena in condensed media” Makhachkala, Russia, 2004, pp. 332-335.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 25
LASER PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY OF MECHANICAL
STRESSES IN MODERN MATERIALS
K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov
Physical-Technical Institute <strong>of</strong> RAS,
Polytekhnicheskaya 26, 194021, St.Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: klm@holo.i<strong>of</strong>fe.rssi.ru
The main concepts <strong>of</strong> modern photoacoustic and photothermal microscopy are
described. The problem <strong>of</strong> mechanical stress detection and imaging by
photoacoustic microscopy is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally.
Examples <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic microscopy application for stress detection in
brittle and ductile materials are presented.
Recently photoacoustic and photothermal microscopy methods have been
successfully used for the diagnostics <strong>of</strong> defects in the bulk and near subsurface layers <strong>of</strong>
various materials. Photoacoustic and photothermal microscopies are able to provide
important information about local elastic, thermal and thermoelastic properties <strong>of</strong>
materials. These methods proved to be effective in detecting cracks, voids, delaminated
layers, and foreign inclusions. The main advantages <strong>of</strong> these methods are nondestructive
character, ability to detect subsurface defects and high spatial resolution. Essentially less
attention has been paid to the problem <strong>of</strong> mechanical stress detection by photoacoustic and
photothermal methods.The main purpose <strong>of</strong> this work is to present our results in the field
<strong>of</strong> mechanical stresses detection by photoacoustic method. The problem <strong>of</strong> residual and
mechanical stresses detection is an important problem <strong>of</strong> modern material physics,
mechanics and engineering. Various methods such as optical, ultrasonic, Raman
spectroscopy, magnetic, X-ray and neutron diffraction methods, stress pattern analysis by
measurement <strong>of</strong> thermal emission (SPATE), are usually used for this purpose. Hole drilling
and compliance methods are also actively investigated at present for residual stress
detection. Recently holographic interferometry based on the hole drilling method in
conjunction with holographic or speckle interferometry has attracted serious attention for
solution <strong>of</strong> this problem. These methods have been already implemented effectively for the
residual stress detection while the application <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> them is limited substantially by
the physical nature <strong>of</strong> the used effect.
The application <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic thermoelastic effect for the diagnostics <strong>of</strong>
mechanical stresses is considered at present with growing interest [1-3] . The main advantage
<strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic thermoelastic method lies in its universal character and in the
possibility <strong>of</strong> application to objects <strong>of</strong> different nature at microscopic and mesoscopic
scales. Many important details <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> residual stress detection by photoacoustic
and photothermal methods are not solved up to now. In this work both experimental and
theoretical investigations are presented which are able to clear up the situation in this field.
Experimental investigations <strong>of</strong> the work are based on new multimode approach
proposed by us recently [3-5] which is able to provide an important opportunity to control
elastic, thermal and thermoelastic parameters <strong>of</strong> materials independently and locally.
Different types <strong>of</strong> photoacoustic and photothermal experiments have been performed. They
can be classified into three types:
(a) Photoacoustic and photothermal measurements and imaging performed in regions near
Vickers indentations.

26 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
(b) Photoacoustic and photothermal measurements under annealing <strong>of</strong> samples.
(c) Photoacoustic and photothermal measurement and imaging <strong>of</strong> samples under the given
external loading.
These experiments are performed on metals and ceramics. The 2D photodeflection,
photoreflectance and photoacoustic piezoelectric images <strong>of</strong> regions near Vickers
indentations in metals and ceramics are obtained by using different modes <strong>of</strong> operation <strong>of</strong>
our microscope. It is shown, for example, that external normal and shear stresses influence
on the photoacoustic signal near the radial crack tips in ceramics. It is also shown that the
main features <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic piezoelectric 2D images <strong>of</strong> Vickers indentation zones in
ceramics are very similar to the images obtained by SPATE method and by Raman
microscopy <strong>of</strong> the Vickers indentations in the crystalline silicon. Our experiments
demonstrate the influence <strong>of</strong> stress on the photoacoustic effect in various materials. The
obtained experimental results can be used for an estimation <strong>of</strong> sensitivity <strong>of</strong> the
photoacoustic method to mechanical stresses in ductile and brittle materials.
The model <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic thermoelastic effect in solids with residual stresses is
proposed by us and used for the explanation <strong>of</strong> the obtained results. It is based on the
modified Murnaghan model <strong>of</strong> nonlinear elastic bodies which takes into account a possible
dependence <strong>of</strong> the thermoelastic constant <strong>of</strong> a material on stress. The proposed model is
applied to investigation <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic signal behavior near the radial crack tips in
modern ceramics. The analytical expressions for the photoacoustic signal in 3D case are
obtained within the framework <strong>of</strong> the perturbation theory. It is demonstrated that the
developed theoretical model for the photoacoustic piezoelectric effect agrees qualitatively
with the available experimental data for ceramics and metals. The application <strong>of</strong> the
obtained experimental and theoretical results to the problem <strong>of</strong> measurement <strong>of</strong> the stress
intensity factors near the crack tips is discussed.
In conclusion, in this work we have analyzed the situation in the field <strong>of</strong> mechanical
stress measurement and imaging. The nonlinear theoretical model <strong>of</strong> the photoacoustic
effect in stressed materials has been developed which explains the influence <strong>of</strong> stresses on
the photoacoustic effect with the thermoelastic coefficient dependence on stress. The
influence <strong>of</strong> external and residual stresses on the photoacoustic effect was established for
brittle and ductile materials.
This research was supported by the RFBR under award No. 04-02-17622.
1. K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov, D.N.Rose, J.E.Dumar, and G.H.Quay, Tech. Phys. Lett.
23, 188 (1997).
2. K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov, D.N.Rose, and J.E.Dumar, Tech. Phys. Lett. 24, 846
(1998).
3. K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov, D.N.Rose, and J.E.Dumar, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 2948
(2000).
4. K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov, Proc. SPIE. 4680, 167 (2002).
5. K.L.Muratikov, A.L.Glazov, D.N.Rose, and J.E.Dumar, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 722
(2003).

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 27
ESTIMATION OF INFLUENCE OF STATISTICAL ERRORS ON AN
ACURACY OF CALIBRATION OF THE SPACE SOLAR PATROL
INSTRUMENTATION AT A SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE
Afanas’ev I.M., S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, Tuchkov lane, 1; St. Petersburg,
199034, Russia; e-mail: afanasy@rambler.ru
In the article the values <strong>of</strong> statistical errors, dealt with random character both
emitting <strong>of</strong> synchrotron radiation (SR) in a storage ring, and registration <strong>of</strong> a
SR by a receiving tract <strong>of</strong> the Space Solar patrol (SSP) instrumentation, are
evaluated.
The SSP instrumentation has been created to monitor the ionizing radiation from the
Sun in the spectral range 0,14 – 198 nm from space apparatus. It consists <strong>of</strong> a Radiometer
with 20 filters and two grating spectrometers [1] . The absolute spectral calibration <strong>of</strong> the
SSP instrumentation in the spectral range from 0,25 up to 122 nm (5000 - 10 eV) has been
preparing by the special metrological stations at the SR sources <strong>of</strong> the storage rings
VEPP-3 and VEPP-4 (at the G.I. Budker Institute <strong>of</strong> Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk,
Russia) [2] . All SSP measuring channels have "solar-blind" detectors – open secondaryelectron
multipliers (SEM), which have high sensitivity to radiation below 160 nm [1] . The
registration <strong>of</strong> radiation by the SSP instrumentation is realized with SEM in pulse mode.
The aleatory variable <strong>of</strong> fluctuation <strong>of</strong> counting rate f (which is the SSP output
signal [3] ) is taken into account by the apparatus error σ app , which is distributed accordingly
normal law. It is stipulated by random character both SR beam intensity I, and losses in the
SSP registering channel η. [3] In the given calculation, the losses are admitted to the
constant value η=τ⋅γ=10 -4 electron/photon (thus, not taking into account their spectral
character), where τ - effective transmission <strong>of</strong> the SSP channel (mainly, filters for the
Radiometer and a polychromator for spectrometers; for both cases τ is about 10 -2 ) [4] , and γ
- quantum efficiency <strong>of</strong> the SEM photocathode (average value is about 10 -2 ) [4] . Thus, the
signal <strong>of</strong> counting rate will amount to f=I⋅η=10 4 pulses/sec, at the SR beam intensity I=10 8
photon/sec (see, table). The root-mean-square deviation f from the expected aleatory
variable f is "noise" <strong>of</strong> the SSP output signal, which hinders the measured signal the more,
the lower value <strong>of</strong> a counting rate (i.e. the lower level a loading <strong>of</strong> a SSP registering
channel).
For unambiguous explanation <strong>of</strong> calibration results it must be used the one-electron
mode at measurements. The two-electron event is considered as a certain hindering factor -
"noise". It should be noticed, that the multi-electron events at the given estimation are not
considered. As a matter <strong>of</strong> fact, the ratio <strong>of</strong> probabilities <strong>of</strong> one and two-electron events
P(1)/P(2) is the "signal-to-noise merit", inverse value <strong>of</strong> which is the statistical error σ stat .
It is supposed, that probability distribution <strong>of</strong> aleatory variable <strong>of</strong> appearing <strong>of</strong> one,
m −λ
two, etc. photoelectron events at experiment is described by the Poisson law: λ ⋅e
P(
m)
= ;
m!
where λ - expectation, which is the multiplication <strong>of</strong> the SR beam intensity I
(including its modulation with frequency <strong>of</strong> circulation <strong>of</strong> electron beam f VEPP-4 at the
VEPP-4 storage ring about 1 MHz) [3] by attenuation losses at the registering tract η;
m – value <strong>of</strong> acts <strong>of</strong> photoelectron emission from the SEM photocathode (i.e.
appearance <strong>of</strong> one-electron event (OEE) if m=1, two-electron event (TEE) if m=2, etc).

28 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
Table. Calculation <strong>of</strong> summary errors depending on loading <strong>of</strong> the SSP registering tracts
Intensity <strong>of</strong> SR Counting rate, Probability Probability
beam I, photon/sec pulses/sec <strong>of</strong> OEE, Р(1) <strong>of</strong> TEE, Р(2) P(1)/P(2) Apparatus Statistical Summary
error, % error, % error, %
10 4 10 0 10 -6 5⋅10 -13 2⋅10 6 100 5⋅10 -5 100
10 5 10 1 10 -5 5⋅10 -11 2⋅10 5 31,6 5⋅10 -4 31,6
10 6 10 2 10 -4 5⋅10 -9 2⋅10 4 10 5⋅10 -3 10
10 7 10 3 10 -3 5⋅10 -7 2⋅10 3 3,2 5⋅10 -2 3,2
10 8 10 4 9,9⋅10 -3 4,95⋅10 -5 2⋅10 2 1 5⋅10 -1 1,1
10 9 10 5 9⋅10 -2 4,52⋅10 -3 2⋅10 1 0,3 5⋅10 0 5
10 10 10 6 3,68⋅10 -1 1,84⋅10 -1 2⋅10 0 0,1 5⋅10 1 50
Figure. The functional dependences <strong>of</strong> apparatus, statistical and summary errors from counting rate
<strong>of</strong> output signal (i.e. level <strong>of</strong> loading <strong>of</strong> the SSP registering channels)
2 2
The summary error σ sum is evaluated the following way: σ
sum
= σ app + σ . The
stat
calculated values <strong>of</strong> apparatus, statistical and summary errors, depending on the level <strong>of</strong>
loading <strong>of</strong> the registering channel, are given in the table. So, the figure clearly
demonstrates character <strong>of</strong> these errors. The figure shows, that the minimum summary error
<strong>of</strong> measurements (and consequently, the most exact measurements at the SSP calibration)
can be obtained at the counting rate 10 4 pulses/sec, that requires to set the SR beam
intensity from the VEPP-4 storage ring about 10 8 photon/sec (see, table).
Acknowledgments. This work has been supported by the grant <strong>of</strong> International
Science and Technology Center through the Project #2500 «Calibration <strong>of</strong> the Space Solar
Patrol apparatus at the synchrotron source». The author is grateful to pr<strong>of</strong>. S.V. Avakyan
and collegues: Mironov A.I., Chernikov D.A. and Zotkin I.A.
1. Afanas’ev I.M., Avakyan S.V., et al. Achievements in creation <strong>of</strong> the Space patrol
apparatus <strong>of</strong> ionizing radiation <strong>of</strong> the Sun, Nuc. Ins. & Meth. in Ph. Res., 543, 312-316,
2005.
2. I. Afanas’ev, et al. Some results <strong>of</strong> developments to realization <strong>of</strong> calibration trials <strong>of</strong> the
SSP instrumentation. Articles <strong>of</strong> the 4 th Int. conf. “Optics-2005”, Russia, 2005. In press.
3. Afanas'ev I.M., et al. Investigation <strong>of</strong> statistic aspects <strong>of</strong> use <strong>of</strong> SR beam to calibrate the
SSP instrumentation, Articles <strong>of</strong> the 6th Int. conf. “Applied optics”, 1 (2), 425-428, 2004.
4. Avakyan S. V., Andreev E. P., Afanas'ev I. M., et al. Laboratory studies <strong>of</strong> apparatus for
monitoring ionizing solar radiation from space, J. Opt. Technol. 68 (2), 81-88, 2001.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 29
THE X-RAY/EUV MULTIPLIERS IN THE SPACE SOLAR PATROL
APPARATUS
I.A.Zotkin
Birzhevaya line, 12, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
Vavilov State Optical Institute
E-mail: i.a.zotkin@bk.ru
In the report a brief description and motivation <strong>of</strong> using <strong>of</strong> the open secondary
electronical multipliers for the tasks <strong>of</strong> the Space Solar Patrol are stressed.
The structure <strong>of</strong> complex <strong>of</strong> the Space Solar Patrol (SSP) apparatus included [1,2] the
measuring instruments that are intended for the spectroradiometric measurements <strong>of</strong> solar
flux variations in the spectral range from 0.14 to 157 nm. In the SSP apparatus as receivers
<strong>of</strong> solar radiation are used open secondary electronical multipliers (SEM) with a beryllium
copper photocathode. This photoreceivers has the highest level <strong>of</strong> “solar blindness”
(minimum sensitivity in the near ultraviolet (UV) and visible ranges and, opposite,
maximum sensitivity in the work spectral region – s<strong>of</strong>t X-ray and Extreme UV) in compare
with others domestically produced and foreign receivers <strong>of</strong> ionizing radiation <strong>of</strong> the Sun [2] .
The technology <strong>of</strong> producing <strong>of</strong> these receivers was made in 1950-60s at the Vavilov
SOI on the base <strong>of</strong> the reports <strong>of</strong> the domestic maker <strong>of</strong> the SEM – A.M. Tyutikov. This
type <strong>of</strong> SEM with the dynodes from activated alloy <strong>of</strong> CuBe has been recommended as a
photoreceiver <strong>of</strong> short-wave solar radiation, situated on satellites. The SEM <strong>of</strong> open type
with 14 dynodes, photocathode and anode, has higher stability in compare with the
common devices, that were made from another materials. The main is condition that this
SEM allows repeated laps <strong>of</strong> the atmosphere air in the device.
Pulse quantum yield, electron / quantum
1,E-01
1,E-03
1,E-05
1,E-07
1,E-09
1,E-11
Diamond
BeO
SiC
1,E-13
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Wavelength, nm
Fig. 1. The comparative characteristics <strong>of</strong> quantum efficiency <strong>of</strong> some photoreceivers in the
spectral range from 95 to 600 nm

30 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
Figure 1 shows the comparative characteristics <strong>of</strong> quantum efficiency <strong>of</strong> some
photoreceivers <strong>of</strong> ionizing radiation: BeO photocathode using at the open SEM and
photodiodes on the base <strong>of</strong> Si [3] and diamond [3] . It have been seen that the quantum
efficiency <strong>of</strong> BeO photocathode begins to decrease from 120 nm whereas the same <strong>of</strong>
others photoreceivers does not.
At the present time the work <strong>of</strong> research <strong>of</strong> quantum sensitivity and calibration <strong>of</strong> the
open SEM at synchrotron radiation source is carried out at the Budker Institute <strong>of</strong> Nuclear
Physics, Novosibirsk. In the paper the comparative characteristics <strong>of</strong> various
photoreceivers for registration <strong>of</strong> solar ionizing radiation will be reported. Also the
privilege <strong>of</strong> choice <strong>of</strong> the open SEM for the tasks <strong>of</strong> the SSP apparatus is described. The
preliminary results <strong>of</strong> SEM calibration at the synchrotron radiation source are considered.
The technical characteristics <strong>of</strong> the open SEM: multiplication factor up to 10 8 , the
working range 0.1-160 nm, working voltage 3000 – 4000 V, material <strong>of</strong> dynodes CuBe,
number <strong>of</strong> dynodes 14.
As a conclusion, the SEM has the best spectral characteristic and radiation hardness
for the task <strong>of</strong> the SSP.
1. Avakyan S.V., Afanas’ev I.M et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research,
Section A. – No. 543, 2005. – P. 312−316.
2. S.V. Avakyan, N.A. Voronin et al., Opticheskij Zhurnal, 1998, V. 65, No. 12, P. 124 -
131.
3. J.-F. Hochedez, P.Lemaire, E.Pace, U.Schuhle, E.Verwichte; Wide Bandgap EUV And
VUV Imagers For The Solar Orbiter In: “The Radiometric Calibration <strong>of</strong> SOHO”,
Bern, Eds.: Anushka Pauluhn, Martin C.E. Huber and Rudolf <strong>of</strong> Steiger, ISSI Scient.
Report, August, 2002, pp. 245-250.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 31
STUDY OF PULSED HOLOGRAM RECORDING
ON THE PHOTOPOLYMERIC MATERIAL
V.N.Mikhailov, O.V.Bandyuk, D.A.Kozlovsky
Research center «S.I.Vavilov State Optical Institute», Saint-Petersburg, Russia
viktormikhailov@yahoo.com
Results <strong>of</strong> research <strong>of</strong> pulsed recording <strong>of</strong> holograms with use <strong>of</strong> a
photosensitive composition on the basis <strong>of</strong> polyvinyl alcohol with acrylamide
are presented. The possibility <strong>of</strong> practical use <strong>of</strong> the given photopolymeric
material for record <strong>of</strong> pulsed holograms is shown.
The photopolymeric photosensitive composition on the basis <strong>of</strong> polyvinyl alcohol
with acrylamide is known enough for a long time [1,2] and was recommended as quite
suitable for recording <strong>of</strong> transmission holograms by use <strong>of</strong> cw lasers. However, till now its
use for record <strong>of</strong> pulsed holograms has been shown only under a high frequency lasing
mode [3] , actually approaching result <strong>of</strong> sequence <strong>of</strong> the big number <strong>of</strong> pulses to a cw
recording. In the given work we studied dynamics <strong>of</strong> recording <strong>of</strong> pulsed holograms by use
<strong>of</strong> short pulses <strong>of</strong> radiation (10 ns), which duration much less than characteristic times <strong>of</strong>
diffusion known by results <strong>of</strong> earlier works with use <strong>of</strong> continuous radiation [4] . The results
received in work have shown essential differences <strong>of</strong> dynamics <strong>of</strong> recording <strong>of</strong> holograms
by use <strong>of</strong> short laser pulses in comparison with cw exposure. The basic differences are: 1)
absence <strong>of</strong> the induction period which is typical for cw recording, and also 2) dependence
<strong>of</strong> efficiency to pulse recording from value <strong>of</strong> preliminary exposure (fig.1). Efficiency <strong>of</strong>
the pulsed hologram essentially raised in comparison with a case <strong>of</strong> absence preliminary
exposure. The mechanism <strong>of</strong> such behavior can be explained taking into account the
degree <strong>of</strong> polymerization during pulsed exposure. It is shown that preliminary pulse
exposure could be replaced on equivalent cw pre-exposure. It is demonstrated also, that at
use <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> pulses effective recording <strong>of</strong> the superimposed holograms is possible
(fig.2). Work was supported by grant ТО2-02.5-1441 <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education <strong>of</strong>
Russia.
1. J.R.Lawrence, F.T.O'Neill, J.T.Sheridan, "Photopolymer holographic recording
material" // Optik, 2001, №10, pp.449-463.
2. C.A. Feely, S. Martin, V. Toal, "Optimization <strong>of</strong> an acrylamide-based dry
photopolymer holographic recording material", SPIE Proc., 1996, V.2688, pp.22-33.
3. C. Garcia, I. Pascual, A. Costela, I. Garcia-Moreno, A. Fimia, R. Rastre, “Experimental
study <strong>of</strong> the acrylamide photopolymer with a pulsed laser" // Opt. Commun., 2001, №
.188, pp.163-166.
4. J.H. Kwon, H.C. Hwang, K.C. Woo, "Analysis <strong>of</strong> temporal behavior <strong>of</strong> beams
diffracted by volume gratings formed in photopolymers" // JOSA B, 1999, V.16, №
.10, pp.1651-1657.

32 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
DE, %
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
t, ms
Fig. 1.
Dependence <strong>of</strong> diffraction efficiency DE from time t at consecutive
recording <strong>of</strong> four holograms by a series <strong>of</strong> pulses.
The dotted line shows stationary value DE.
0,7
0,6
b)
DE, %
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
а)
0,0
1 2 3 4 5
№ hologram
Fig. 2.
а) Diffraction efficiency DE <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> 5 pulsed superimposed holograms during
recording stage (dots, λ rec =532 nm) and stationary DE (columns) measured after recording.
Measurement <strong>of</strong> DE was carried by use <strong>of</strong> He-Ne laser (λ=633 nm).
b) Images <strong>of</strong> objects restored by each <strong>of</strong> 5 superimposed holograms at reading
by radiation <strong>of</strong> the continuous laser (λ=532 nm).

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 33
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HOLOGRAMS
RECORDED IN CONDUCTOR POLYMER.
M.A. Flores-Vázquez, M.P. Hernández-Garay, A. Olivares-Pérez, I. Fuentes-Tapia, S.
Toxqui–López, Instituto Nacional de Astr<strong>of</strong>ísica Óptica y Electrónica, Optic Department,
Tonantzintla, 72000, Puebla, México
E-mail: kore-mon@hotmail.com, mgaray@inaoep.mx, olivares@inaoep.mx
We present some results obtained in the electrical and optical characterization
<strong>of</strong> the polyvinyl alcohol doped with metallic salts, controlling his chemical and
physical properties to different concentrations. Wanting to optimize the doped
polymer, controlling and registering his properties, therefore to increase his
electrical conductivity and his life time at environmental conditions. Whit this
material we storage images and holograms, showing his diffraction efficiency.
The polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic resin produced by polymerization <strong>of</strong> the acetate
<strong>of</strong> vinyl (VAM) and later for the hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> polyacetate <strong>of</strong> vinyl [1] . Exist some
compounds that have the aptitude to agree or donate electrons, this reaction is named
oxidation – reduction. The presence <strong>of</strong> this characteristic is very useful to be able to
observe quantitatively that it happens in the course <strong>of</strong> the tests in laboratory that we realize.
In this work we present the characterization <strong>of</strong> the conductive resultant polymer its
combination polyvinyl alcohol with the salt [2] : FeCl2, AgNO 3, NaCl, KBr, NiCl 2; and
storage images and holograms with some conductive polymers.
At this moment to characterized the conductive polymer with some electro chemicals
methods and spectroscopic, where we present some obtained results. We realize different
solutions with PVA’s + every salt, with same quantities the solute and solvent, in the table
1 present some <strong>of</strong> their characteristics.
Table 1. Some characteristics <strong>of</strong> the liquid solutions for different salts.
Liquid solution pH Refraction Index Appearance
PVA+NiCl 2 4.42 1.4750
PVA+KBr 7.38 1.5125
PVA+NaCl 6.09 1.5195
PVA+AgNO 3 3.15 1.5220
PVA+ FeCl 2 1.34 1.3745
All the simples were prepared under normal laboratory conditions (22 o C - 25 o C,
relative humidity ≈ 40%-45%). Is important to mention that the characterization <strong>of</strong> a
conductive polymer is restricted to superficial technologies, being specially worn the
electrochemical methods <strong>of</strong> optical and spectroscopic.
Given the conductive nature <strong>of</strong> these materials, the superficial conductivity is so well
one <strong>of</strong> the habitual parameters <strong>of</strong> characterization being the methods <strong>of</strong> 2 tops and 4 tops
the more used (resistivity <strong>of</strong> volume). The resistivity <strong>of</strong> volume (VR) is measured by base
to the norm ASTM D4496 [3] , and is calculated bearing in mind the geometry <strong>of</strong> the
electrodes like it shows in the figure 1, in agreement with the equation (1) [4] .

34 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
VR = R * S / L (1)
Where:
VR = resistivity <strong>of</strong> volume (Ohm.cm)
R = resistance <strong>of</strong> the material to the flow <strong>of</strong> load (Ohm)
S = surface <strong>of</strong> the electrode (cm 2 ) defined like S = W * t
L = distance between electrodes (cm)
Figure 1. Volume resistivity
technique <strong>of</strong> two points
The test was realized <strong>of</strong> resistivity <strong>of</strong> volume for 5 different types <strong>of</strong> concentrations
solution, spilling in our model 4ml <strong>of</strong> solution for every test. For the measurement <strong>of</strong> the
resistivity <strong>of</strong> volume for every solution, we use 3 different types <strong>of</strong> electrodes, tin (Sn),
copper (Cu) and aluminium (Al). Obtaining 10000 readings in real time for every test,
hereby to be able to observe the change and the evolution <strong>of</strong> the conductive polymer with
regard to the resistivity in the time.
Of the results obtained in the graphic 1 it was possible to observe that the resistivity
<strong>of</strong> the polymer with tin electrodes presents the reaction named oxide - reduction with major
stability, figure 2 (acceptance and not so changeable donation <strong>of</strong> electrons) [5] .
Figure 2. Resistivity <strong>of</strong> the polymer with tin
electrodes and reduction with major stability
In general we can observe <strong>of</strong> 6 graphs that there is major stability for the majority <strong>of</strong>
the solutions and minor values <strong>of</strong> resistivity for the case without dampness.
In the development <strong>of</strong> this process for the present time we can say that the dampness
is a determinant factor in the resistivity <strong>of</strong> the polymer, as what it is necessary to have
major control on this one. We realize storage <strong>of</strong> holograms with the NiCl 2 , changing the
process <strong>of</strong> polymerization and time <strong>of</strong> treated. In the Figure 3, shows the curves <strong>of</strong>
diffraction efficiency obtained up to the moment.
Figure 3. Curves <strong>of</strong> diffraction efficiency with NiCl 2
1. Available< htttp://www.clariant.com/corporate/internet.nsf/direct/homeopendocument>.
2. Available.
3. B. Ruiz-Limón, Arturo Olivares Pérez, F Silva Andrade, I Fuentes Tapia, Juan Carlos Ibarra
Torres, “Polyvinyl alcohol doped with nickel chloride hexahydrate as conductor polymer”,
SPIE, Vol. 5351.
4. Available .
5. John R Dyer, “Aplicaciones de espectroscopia de absorción en compuestos orgánicos”, first
Ed. Prentice Hall Internacional, New Jersey USA, 1973.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 35
HIGH-EFFECTIVE MULTIPLEX HOLOGRAMS IN VOLUME
POLYMER MEDIA
O.V. Andreeva, A.P. Kushnarenko*, B.B. Lesnichij**, A.P. Nacharov**,
A.A. Paramonov**
S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, 12 Birzhevaya linija, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197198
*Saint-Petersburg State University, 1, Uljanovskaja str., Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg,
Russia, 198504
**Saint-Petersburg State University <strong>of</strong> Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics,
49 Kronverkskij ave., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197101
E-mail: ali@phoi.ifmo.ru, kushnarenko@front.ru
At present paper the technique developed for record <strong>of</strong> high-effective
superposed holograms in polymer medium “Difphen” is reported. The results
<strong>of</strong> investigation <strong>of</strong> hologram that was obtained by means <strong>of</strong> angular
multiplexing with technology developed are presented. The possibilities <strong>of</strong>
such holograms usage for information storage and producing <strong>of</strong> elements with
special properties based on regular and fractal structures are shown.
At the last time because <strong>of</strong> tremendous growth <strong>of</strong> optical information technologies
the interest to high-resolution holographic recording media also increases. Volume
holography suggests effective methods for storage, transformation and processing <strong>of</strong> huge
volume <strong>of</strong> data. The development <strong>of</strong> that area is impossible without development <strong>of</strong>
technologies for recording media engineering and methods <strong>of</strong> hologram producing. On the
other hand, interest to recording media is maintained by the fact that there is the possibility
to apply holographic media for creation <strong>of</strong> metamaterials or left-handed materials i.e.
structurally organized substance with properties that are unusual for conventional natural
materials [1] .
The polymeric recording medium with post-exposure amplification “Difphen” [2] (on
basis <strong>of</strong> phenanthroquinone) was developed at the S.I. Vavilov Optical Institute and
possesses the number <strong>of</strong> peculiarities: high resolution (more 5000 mm -1 ), high value <strong>of</strong>
phase modulation, ability to record interference patterns without distortions within wide
dynamic range, stability <strong>of</strong> performance attributes.
Polymeric media on basis <strong>of</strong> phenanthroquinone have well-known abilities <strong>of</strong>
recording <strong>of</strong> a large number <strong>of</strong> superposed holograms. Here holograms, recorded on the
same area <strong>of</strong> the sample, are subjected to post-exposure treatment simultaneously and have
small value <strong>of</strong> efficiency. When low-effective superposed holograms are recorded, the
dynamic range <strong>of</strong> material allows to record a large number <strong>of</strong> holograms with identical
characteristics. But it is impossible to use this way for recording <strong>of</strong> superposed identical
holograms with diffraction efficiency close to 100% since changes <strong>of</strong> spatial distribution <strong>of</strong>
light-sensitive substrate concentration after recording <strong>of</strong> each hologram.

36 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
The technology without above mentioned lack for receiving <strong>of</strong> superposed
holograms on the same area <strong>of</strong> sample is proposed. The registration <strong>of</strong> each superposed
hologram takes place on the recording area <strong>of</strong> multiplex hologram that possesses
homogeneous distribution <strong>of</strong> light-sensitive substrate.
There was shown an ability <strong>of</strong> recording from 5 up to 8 holograms with diffraction
efficiency more 70% and selectivity contour close to calculated [3] . This method with
multibeam record combination allows to multiplex <strong>of</strong> different interference patterns for the
purpose <strong>of</strong> periodic and fractal structure design <strong>of</strong> predetermined configuration. Elements
on basis <strong>of</strong> above structures with specific properties could be required in different areas <strong>of</strong>
science and technology.
1. C. R. Simovski, P. A. Belov. Low-frequency spatial dispersion in wire media, //Phys.
Rev. E 70, 046616, 2004.
2. O. V. Andreeva, O. V. Bandyuk, A. A. Paramonov, et al. Transmissive volume
holograms in a polymeric medium with phenanthroquinone, //Journal <strong>of</strong> Optical
Technology, 67(12), 1043, 2000.
3. Kogelnik H. Coupled Wave Theory for Thick Hologram Gratings, //The Bell System
Technical Journal, 48(9), 2909-2947, 1969.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 37
DIGITAL HOLOGRAMS REPLICATIONS WITH POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL
M.P. Hernández-Garay, A. Olivares-Pérez, I. Fuentes-Tapia, S. Toxqui-López,
Instituto Nacional de Astr<strong>of</strong>ísica Óptica y Electrónica, Optic Department,
Tonantzintla, 72000, Puebla, México
E-mail: mgaray@inaoep.mx, olivares@inaoep.mx
Many applications in the industry have the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It is
known as material for holographic register [1] . We present the analysis <strong>of</strong> the
influence <strong>of</strong> some variants in the record process. Obtaining as final result the
quantitative results <strong>of</strong> the diffraction efficiency parameter in the replication <strong>of</strong>
digital holograms under environmental conditions.
Process operates on the principle <strong>of</strong> free radical chain polymerisation; subsequent
hydrolysis converts the polyvinyl acetate to polyvinyl alcohol [1] . In partially hydrolysed
grades the vinyl alcohol content is such that the entire molecule is freely soluble in water
and depends his degree <strong>of</strong> hydrolysis and viscosity is application area. Taking advantage <strong>of</strong>
the structure <strong>of</strong> the polymer and controlling his physical and chemical properties, the PVA
is used like holographic recording material determining the efficiency <strong>of</strong> the gratings for
every composition and procedure [2] . Since the late 1960s, a variety <strong>of</strong> photopolymer
materials have been used to fabricate holograms [3] .
For our case two indispensable processes exist in the replication <strong>of</strong> the holograms,
the heat and the radiation to which the samples surrender. The polymerization is realized
by two activation processes, the heat (thermo treated) and radiation (photo treated); every
activation process is applied in a different way during the method that we have used doing
a control on these. Three types <strong>of</strong> solutions were obtained, with different three PVA's
concentration (hydrolysed). The base film was obtained realized first changing the time <strong>of</strong>
dried in muffle and thickness for every case as follows:
The basic PVA material was dissolved in bi-distilled water heater at 90 o C to
obtaining a PVA aqueous solution. With three different PVA concentrations: These three
solutions have the following characteristics; you can see the Table 1. We prepared films
with an area <strong>of</strong> 2 x 2 cm 2 , on glass substrate <strong>of</strong> 4 x 4 cm 2 . In the first instance the
polymerization <strong>of</strong> the films were realized by direct heat in muffle, with a temperature
between 70 o C and 80 o C.
Table 1. Characteristics at different solutions
Liquid
solution
pH Density
(grs/ml)
Refraction
index
1 7.13 0.914 1.3449
2 7.20 2.16 1.3515
3 7.01 1.447 1.3385
The appearance <strong>of</strong> the record films and their pattern result <strong>of</strong> storage processes under
the conditions and characteristics shown in the table 1 appear in the figure 1. Effect <strong>of</strong> the
film’s thickness in the process <strong>of</strong> storage is an important parameter to realize the process <strong>of</strong>
photopolymerization, determining the sensitivity and the storage capacity. [4] The solutions
2 and 3 it has PVA's major concentration therefore it is difficult and not viable to realize
the storage in these solutions. The difficulties in the storage for these solutions were
precisely to the thickness <strong>of</strong> the film were much major then solution 1, with a degree <strong>of</strong>
hydrolysis minor, impeding the process <strong>of</strong> polymerization.

38 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
Once obtained the base films with the solution 1, the process <strong>of</strong> storage realized for the
reply <strong>of</strong> digital holograms. The conditions in which the process was realized, was under
normal conditions <strong>of</strong> laboratory it is 22 o C - 25 o C, relative humidity ≈ 35%-40, is important
the dampness that is obtained in the films in the moment to be storage. Using a mask
master [3] , the temperature that generates in the friction process was about 35 o C ≈ 38 o C.
Holographic recording in this material (PVA) is the base on the polymerization [5] . The
polymerization was realized by two processes <strong>of</strong> activation, the heat (thermo treated) and
radiation (photo treated). The process finishes with the polymerization <strong>of</strong> the films
realizing it for three methods; in muffle, radiation with UV and radiation with incandescent
lamp. To record optical information in any material, photons must be absorbed by that
material and cause chemical changes. These are primary photochemical reactions and can
be described by the first and second law <strong>of</strong> photochemistry [6] . For what the process <strong>of</strong>
drying <strong>of</strong> the holographic recording is varied, determining the diffraction efficiency
regarding the time <strong>of</strong> exhibition for each case, that can be observed in the graph 1.
100
90
80
Muffle
UV radiation
Lamp
Diffraction Efficiency %
70
60
50
40
30
20
( a )
Figure 1. Appearance <strong>of</strong> the film for solutions 1 and
his pattern result <strong>of</strong> processes <strong>of</strong> storage
10
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dried time (minutes)
Graph 1. Diffraction efficiency for three different dried methods
We observed that, the number <strong>of</strong> obtained orders and the quality visual <strong>of</strong> these, are
determined by the type <strong>of</strong> dried obtained to final process in the holographic register [7] .
The thickness film <strong>of</strong> the polymer, the quality <strong>of</strong> the mask master and the time <strong>of</strong>
friction in the storage are determinant factors for the reply <strong>of</strong> the master. We leave these
constant factors in the process changing the time <strong>of</strong> exhibition to the radiation in every
sample. Although many factors intervene in the modulation process <strong>of</strong> holographic
recording, we realize the control and record <strong>of</strong> three factors were repeatable and
reproducible.
1. Available .
2. Available .
3. W.S. Colburn, Review <strong>of</strong> materials for holographic optics, J. Imag. Sci. Technol., 41, p. 443,
1997.
4. S. Blaya, L. Carretero, R.F. Madrigal, A. Fimia, Optimization <strong>of</strong> a photopolymerizable
holographic recording material base don polyvinylalcohol using angular responses, Optical
Materials, 23, 529-538, 2003.
5. S. Blaya et al., Appl. Opt., 25, p. 7604, 1998.
6. V. Weiss, A.A. Friesem, and a. Peled, Inorganic Materials for archival holographic recording, J.
Imag. Sci. Technol., 41 (4), p.355, 997.
7. John R Dyer, “Aplicaciones de espectroscopia de absorción en compuestos orgánicos”, first Ed.
Prentice Hall Internacional, New Jersey USA, 1973.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 39
NANOPOROUS SHRINKPROOF MEDIA FOR RECORDING AND
STORAGE OF INFORMATION
N.V. Andreeva, A.P. Kushnarenko*, O.V. Andreeva**
Saint-Petersburg State University <strong>of</strong> Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics,
49 Kronverkskij ave., St. Petersburg, Russia, 197101
*Saint-Petersburg State University, 1, Uljanovskaja str., Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg,
Russia, 198504
**S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, 12 Birzhevaya linija, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197198
E-mail: klub-optoinf@yandex.ru, AndreevaNV_3@mail.ru
The results <strong>of</strong> researching shrinkpro<strong>of</strong> silver halide photomaterials on basis <strong>of</strong>
nanoporous glasses are reported.
Volume recording media which were developed in State Optical Institute for the aims <strong>of</strong>
volume holography find their applications in different scientific and technological
activities. [1] Properties <strong>of</strong> these materials open new opportunities <strong>of</strong> their using that
overstep the limits <strong>of</strong> application recording media only for holography. Recording media
for holography with the thickness about 1 mm should be shrinkpro<strong>of</strong>, have a sensitivity to
the spectrum <strong>of</strong> coherent radiation sources which are in existence, allow the opportunity <strong>of</strong>
nondestructive reading and information storage, not change their parameters during long
exploitation and etc.
Silver halide composition with gelatin as a protective colloid supplies the photosensitivity
<strong>of</strong> porous silver recording medium. [2] Up to now photographic silver media for totality <strong>of</strong>
parameters stay unexcelled light-sensitive materials in different fields <strong>of</strong> contemporary
scientific and technological activity. Porous silver halide photomaterials add one more
opportunity to the list <strong>of</strong> major parameters <strong>of</strong> silver halide photomaterials – the opportunity
<strong>of</strong> getting shrinkpro<strong>of</strong> samples which allow post-exposure development by chemicophotographic
solutions. Such an opportunity supplies solid-state crystal carcass – porous
glass which physical-chemical strength is close to the strength <strong>of</strong> silicate glass.
Light-sensitive composition <strong>of</strong> volume porous photomaterials represents a hardphase
covering which is hard connected with silica carcass internal sides and occupies only part
<strong>of</strong> pores free volume and it supplies the access <strong>of</strong> reagent solutions inside the sample
during its chemico-photographic development. At present time the main principles <strong>of</strong>
carrying out the synthesis <strong>of</strong> light-sensitive composition are developed and the conditions
were emerged too by variating <strong>of</strong> which we can change characteristics <strong>of</strong> receiving
photomaterials and holograms recorded on them.

40 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
The experiments showed that during the chemico-photographic development <strong>of</strong> porous
silver halide media the developed particles form in the form <strong>of</strong> colloid silver particles <strong>of</strong>
spherical shape, the size <strong>of</strong> these particles must not be more than maximum pore diameter
that is the given medium after its development must not contain silver particles with the
size more than 20 nm. [3] This is the principle difference <strong>of</strong> porous photomaterials from
standard photomaterials with light-sensitive composition which is formed in the gelatin
solution and is drifted on the substrate. During forming silver halide particles in the
solution their size usually has lower limit that is conditioned from processes <strong>of</strong>
thermodynamic stability <strong>of</strong> solidphase during the synthesis <strong>of</strong> silver halide form the
solution and from the conditions <strong>of</strong> chemico-photographic development but at the same
time process <strong>of</strong> forming big particles that greatly exceeded the middle diameter can happen
uncontrolled and doesn’t have strict limits. The principle advantage <strong>of</strong> silver porous media
over the porous media with other light-sensitive compositions is an opportunity <strong>of</strong> lightdiffusing
decreasing <strong>of</strong> porous samples by filling pores free volume with an immersion
with refractive-index equaled to the refractive-index <strong>of</strong> the carcass. At the same time
changing to the worse parameters <strong>of</strong> recording information doesn’t take place. It makes
conditions for getting high-effective elements in visible and near infrared spectrum band
possessing low light-diffusing.
Labour-intensiveness and complexity <strong>of</strong> getting silver halide porous photomaterials and
optical elements on their base can be compensate by the totality <strong>of</strong> received parameters
which are unachievable when using other recording media and processing methods.
1. V.I. Sukhanov, M.V. Khazova, A.M. Kursakova, O.V. Andreeva, “Volume capillary
recording media with the latent image”, //Optics and Spectroscopy, V.65, #2, P.474,
1988.
2. O.V. Andreeva, “Analysis <strong>of</strong> Focar-tipe silver halide heterogeneous media”, //SPIE,
V.1238, P. 231-234, 1989.
3. O.V. Andreeva, Yu.L. Korzinin, V.N. Nazarov, E.R. Gavrilyuk, A.M. Kursakova,
“Angular selectivity <strong>of</strong> silver porous holograms in red and infra-red spectral regions”,
// Optics and Spectroscopy, V.81, #5, P.856-860, 1996.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 41
CdF 2 :In: A FAST-RESPONSE MEDIUM OF THE REAL-TIME
HOLOGRAPHY
A.E. Angervaks, S.A. Dimakov * , S.I. Kliment’ev * , A.S. Shcheulin, A.I Ryskin
S.I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, 199034 12, Birghevaya Line, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
* Institute for Laser Physics, 199034 12, Birghevaya Line, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: angervax@mail.ru
Opportunities <strong>of</strong> use semiconductor CdF 2 crystals with bistable indium centers
as a high-frequency medium <strong>of</strong> the real-time holography is discussed.
Indium ions in semiconductor CdF 2 crystals form bistable centers having two states,
ground (the “deep”) state and excited (the “shallow”) state. Two states <strong>of</strong> the center are
separated with a potential barrier, due to which the excited state has a metastable nature.
The strong photoionization absorption band is tied with each <strong>of</strong> two center states: in the
ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) range <strong>of</strong> the spectrum for the deep state and in the infrared
(IR) range for the shallow state. These bands are due to electron transfer from the
corresponding center state to conduction band <strong>of</strong> the crystal. The photoinduced conversion
<strong>of</strong> the deep centers into the shallow centers correspond to transforming an electron from
the tightly bound into weakly bound state with corresponding change <strong>of</strong> absorption
spectrum and refractive index <strong>of</strong> the crystal. This conversion underlies the process <strong>of</strong>
hologram writing in the crystals with bistable centers [1,2] . The hologram decay is due to the
thermoinduced conversion <strong>of</strong> the shallow centers into the deep centers. Because <strong>of</strong> the
small height <strong>of</strong> the barrier the decay time is very short: at room temperature it is <strong>of</strong> ~ 10 -7 s.
Due to this dynamical holograms written in CdF 2 :In, crystal can follow processes with
frequency up to ~ 10 MHz [3,4] .
High spatial resolution (> 5000 lines/mm), cubic symmetry <strong>of</strong> the crystal,
unrestricted number <strong>of</strong> writing/reading cycles, and opportunity <strong>of</strong> growing crystals <strong>of</strong> large
dimensions and good optical quality make CdF 2 :In a promising medium <strong>of</strong> the real-time
holography.
One may show two fields <strong>of</strong> using this medium. The first one is dynamical
holographic correction <strong>of</strong> the optical image. The CdF 2 :In-based dynamical PC mirror used
for this purpose ensures response time about 15 ns at reflection coefficient up to 2%. The
gain in the beam divergence at compensation <strong>of</strong> model large-scale distortions is 20 times at
the quality <strong>of</strong> compensation <strong>of</strong> 1.05 [5] .
CdF 2 :In crystal with renewed holograms can also be used as a dynamical holographic
filter in problems <strong>of</strong> the image recognition and optical processing <strong>of</strong> information. In the
model experiment comparison <strong>of</strong> two transparencies has been executed during the 20 ns
pulse <strong>of</strong> YAG:Nd laser [6] .
1. R.A. Linke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, №1, 16-19, (1994).
2. A.I. Ryskin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 67, №1, 31-33, (1995).
3. S.A. Kazanskii et al., Physica B, 308-310, 1035-1037, (2001).
4. A.S. Shcheulin et al., Opt. and Spectr., 92, №1, 133-141, (2002).
5. A.E. Angervaks et al., Opt. and Spectr., in press.
6. A.S. Shcheulin et al., Opt. and Spectr., in press.

42 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
STRONGLY NONLINEAR REVERSIBLE HOLOGRAPHIC
RECORDING AT THE STRUCTURES Sb 2 S 3 – LC AND As 40 Se 60 -LC
L. P. Amosova, A. N. Chaika, N. I. Pletneva
All-Russian Research Center S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute
12, Birgevaya line, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
FAX: +7-812-3283720, E-mail: l_amosova@mail.ru
The task <strong>of</strong> creating a medium for the reversible recording <strong>of</strong> holograms with a
nonlinear modulation characteristic is essentially opposite to the traditional trend <strong>of</strong>
ensuring maximum linearity <strong>of</strong> a holographic recording medium. The need for a new
medium is related to the use <strong>of</strong> a holographic correlator for constructing fuzzy algebra
algorithms in artificial intelligence simulators. This requires a medium suitable for writing
Fourier holograms and possessing nonlinear properties [1] . Previously [2] it was demonstrated
that such media are <strong>of</strong>fered by optically controlled structures <strong>of</strong> photoconductor (PC)-
nematic liquid crystal (LC) type with a planar initial orientation. In these structures the
modulation characteristic, representing the dependence <strong>of</strong> the diffraction efficiency on the
recording light intensity in the first order <strong>of</strong> diffraction, has a substantially nonlinear shape
with rising and falling regions if the phase modulation depth is sufficiently large.
We have carried out the competitive investigation <strong>of</strong> two types <strong>of</strong> the Optically
Addressed Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators (OA LC SLM), optimized for the
holographic application: with Sb 2 S 3 and As 40 Se 60 as a photoconductor. The spectral
characteristics <strong>of</strong> these semiconductors allow a highly sensitive recording medium to be
obtained for writing holograms using He-Ne laser radiation.
OASLM consist <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> thin layers sandwiched between two glass substrates:
a photoconductor (PC), a liquid crystal (LC), alignment layers and transparent electrodes.
When DC voltage is applied to the electrodes, it is divided between the photoconductor
and liquid crystal according to the exposure. This enables the optical activity <strong>of</strong> the liquid
crystal layer to be modulated to produce an image. The OASLM based on nematic LC
have perfect characteristics and high optical quality. The thickness <strong>of</strong> the LC layer should
be enough to provide the phase shift not less than 2π at the wave length <strong>of</strong> read out light
(814 nm in our case).
We used a holographic technique for studying the modulation characteristics <strong>of</strong> the
OASLM. A He-Ne laser (λ= 633 nm) was used to write in a holographic grating. The
writing beams had equal intensity, and their diameter in the plane <strong>of</strong> photo-semiconductor
was equal to 10 mm. An interference pattern <strong>of</strong> two plane wave fronts was formed at the
photoconductor-LC boundary. The intensities <strong>of</strong> the reference and object beams were
equal. The readout was performed by radiation <strong>of</strong> the semiconductor laser <strong>of</strong> the
wavelength λ= 814 nm in a transmission mode. We studied the behavior <strong>of</strong> the diffraction
efficiency in the first order <strong>of</strong> diffraction depending on the write light intensity. The value
<strong>of</strong> diffraction efficiency was determined as the ratio <strong>of</strong> the intensity <strong>of</strong> read-out radiation
transmitted in the first diffraction order to the corresponding value <strong>of</strong> the transmitted from
OASLM radiation in the absence <strong>of</strong> the holographic grating. These light intensities were
measured with a help <strong>of</strong> photomultiplier, which was placed in the Fourier-lens focal plane.
The sample structure was arranged in the optical scheme so that the LC director orientation
would coincide with the polarization vector direction in the readout beam.
The curves <strong>of</strong> diffraction efficiency as a function <strong>of</strong> the writing light intensity for
different values <strong>of</strong> applied voltage exhibit a rising region and a falling region, in which the

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 43
diffraction efficiency drops by more than 100 times in comparison with the maximum
value.
The diffraction efficiency is highly dependent on the voltage applied to the
modulator. The angle between the liner segment <strong>of</strong> our curve and the abscess axis
increases with the increase <strong>of</strong> applied voltage. Correspondingly the maximum <strong>of</strong>
diffraction efficiency removes to the side <strong>of</strong> the writing light low intensities. The slope <strong>of</strong>
the falling part <strong>of</strong> the curves depends on applied voltage according the same law: the larger
bias – the steeper curve. This fact means that the applied voltage and the writing light
intensity compensate each other in some reasonable limits. The total acting voltage is
summing up from the applied voltage and from the generated by writing light charge in the
photoconductor, witch can be comparable with the external bias in the case <strong>of</strong> high
sensitivity <strong>of</strong> PC. For the present instance we can observe the same picture as if we applied
the bias larger than operating: the diffraction efficiency and the contrast decreases rapidly.
The maximum diffraction efficiency achieved with As 40 Se 60 PC was equal to 42%
and with Sb 2 S 3 PC –up to 40%. Such high value <strong>of</strong> diffraction efficiency is connected with
the diffraction orders asymmetry. In our case the recording medium corresponds to the
criterion for thin holograms. The diffraction efficiency higher than the theoretical limit for
thing holograms is achieved owing to the deviation from symmetry <strong>of</strong> the holographic
grating strokes formed in the LC. In the case <strong>of</strong> the structure with Sb 2 S 3 PC we are able to
increase the maximum diffraction efficiency in the “first plus” order (η max+1 ) utilizing the
writing beams modulation in the time. The writing radiation pulses were 5 sec long and
their repetition period consists 10-15 sec. The resolution <strong>of</strong> stibnite structures grows
substantially in the whole range <strong>of</strong> the spatial frequencies. As about the structures with the
As 40 Se 60 PC, the writing beam modulation gives no result: the diffraction efficiency and
resolution remain the same as in the case <strong>of</strong> the constant writing beam.
We have investigated the influence <strong>of</strong> the LC layer thickness on the OASLM
characteristics. The minimum thickness was chosen in such a way that a calculated phase
shift consists no less than 2π for reading out radiation. In our case we have manufactured
and measured the samples with 6,5 µm, 10µm and 15µm LC layers thick. The structure
resolution decreases with the increase <strong>of</strong> LC layer thickness, but the behavior <strong>of</strong> sensitivity
and diffraction efficiency is not so simple: the structures with 10µm LC layer poses the
best characteristics.
1. A.V. Pavlov “On Algebraic Foundations <strong>of</strong> Fourier Holography”// Opt. Spectrrosc. 90
(2001), p.452.
2. N. Chaika and F.L. Vladimirov, "Nonlinear hologram recording on an optically
controlled transparency <strong>of</strong> the glassy chalcogenide semiconductor-liquid crystal tipe,"
Tech. Phys., Let..,. 26, No 2, p. 139, 2000.

44 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
ABOUT SIMILARITY OF THE VOLUME SUPERPOSED
HOLOGRAMS TO THE HUMAN MEMORY
V.V.ORLOV
Vavilov Optical Institute, State Scientific Center <strong>of</strong> Russian Federation,
St.Petersburg, 190164, Russia
E-mail: orlov@soi.spb.su
It is suggestion in the psychology that the shapes stored in the human memory
form the groups which have the property <strong>of</strong> completeness and that few shapes
have some new information which is not contained in the separate shapes. In
our report we showed, that the same property has the hologram if the
information was recoded into it by the method, which remove the cross-talk.
It is already early in the development <strong>of</strong> holography similarity was noted <strong>of</strong> the
properties <strong>of</strong> the hologram and the human memory. Both the hologram and the human
memory have properties <strong>of</strong> associativity and distributivity. In this case associativity means
ability to restore all shape by it small part, distributivity means that the information about
shape are distributed on all hologram volume, correspondingly brain, but is not
concentrated in their small part. If it assumes that the processes in brain have the wave
nature and similar to the processes in holography then this similarity in the first place
treated to the superposed holograms. Indeed, shapes in the brain as the superposed
holograms superposed in the space as they occupy the same volume <strong>of</strong> the brain.
Information recording density <strong>of</strong> superposed holograms a lot more one when each
hologram recorded in separate place. Investigation <strong>of</strong> the volume superposed holograms
showed that they have cross-talk caused by multiple wave diffraction [1] . Intensity <strong>of</strong> this
cross-talk is lowered efficiently if hologram object waves are mutually orthogonal. The
cross-talk are absent if the holograms object waves are described by unitary matrix. For
this goal the random initial matrix, which describe the information, is completed to the
unitary matrix by adding rows and columns [2] . Each row <strong>of</strong> the matrix describes one <strong>of</strong> the
object waves <strong>of</strong> the holograms.
Shapes stored in the brain correspond to the object waves <strong>of</strong> the superposed
hologram. For decreasing the holograms cross-talk their object waves should be made
mutually orthogonal by adding new components, which complex amplitudes are chose
from the mutually orthogonality condition. This property <strong>of</strong> the superposed holograms
correspond to the concept <strong>of</strong> the gestalt psychology that the few shapes have some new
information, which is not contained in the separate shapes [3,4] . The new information in the
brain correspond to the information in the additional components <strong>of</strong> the object waves.
Representation <strong>of</strong> the information recorded in the holograms in form <strong>of</strong> the unitary matrix
correspond to the concept <strong>of</strong> the gestalt psychology that shapes in memory to form groups
which have the property <strong>of</strong> completeness [3,4] . The completeness means that none <strong>of</strong> form
can be removed from group or add to group. This corresponds to the property <strong>of</strong>
completeness <strong>of</strong> the unitary matrix <strong>of</strong> the object waves in holography.
Additional information needed in the holography for getting mutual orthogonal
waves and in the end the unitary matrix <strong>of</strong> the object waves correspond in psychology the
information arising as a result <strong>of</strong> higher forms <strong>of</strong> psychological activity, in particular the
intellectual activity. This information completes that parts <strong>of</strong> the shapes, which formed on
the base <strong>of</strong> the sensory sensation <strong>of</strong> the man. Beside that, this information is used to form
shapes which do not contain information obtained from the organs <strong>of</strong> sense <strong>of</strong> the man. For

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 45
example, mathematicians use the shapes <strong>of</strong> purely intellectual origin in their work. These
shapes correspond to recording the new superposed holograms, which object waves
complete the initial matrix to the unitary matrix by adding new rows.
It is essential, that the infinite number <strong>of</strong> the unitary matrixes <strong>of</strong> the one order can be
obtained from one initial matrix. This non-uniqueness <strong>of</strong> the unitary matrix creation in
holography correspond in psychology that different people in identical conditions getting
the same information from their organs <strong>of</strong> sense perceive these conditions to a certain
degree differently, depending on their individual peculiarity.
SUMMARY
It was established that the properties <strong>of</strong> the superposed holograms correspond to the
properties <strong>of</strong> human brain to store shapes in form <strong>of</strong> the complete group and property <strong>of</strong>
the group <strong>of</strong> shapes to have some new information, which is not contained in the separate
shapes.
1. Orlov V.V. Mode Theory <strong>of</strong> Three-Dimensional Holograms: III. Holograms Crosstalk
//Optics and Spectroscopy. Vol. 92 No. 6 2002. pp 948-955. Translated from Optica i
Spektroskopiya Vol. 92. No. 6. pp. 1024-1032. (2002).
2. Орлов В.В. Метод записи информации на объёмных наложенных голограммах,
обеспечивающий считывание информации без искажений и ассоциативных
помех. // Письма в ЖТФ. Том 18. вып. 14. с.23-25. (1992) (Translated to English as
“Technical Physics Letters”).
3. Вертгеймер М. Продуктивное мышление. М. С.336 (1987). (Wertheimer Max.
Productive Thinking. Happer & Brothers Publishers, New York).
4. Ребер Артур. Большой толковый психологический словарь. М. Вече. (2000)
(Arthur S. Reber. The Penguin Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Psychology).

46 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
DENTAL RESIN HOLOGRAMS
S. Toxqui-López, A. Olivares-Pérez, N. Grijalva y Ortiz, M. P. Hernández-Garay,
B. Ruiz -Limón, I. Fuentes-Tapia
Instituto Nacional de Astr<strong>of</strong>ísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE),
Calle Luis Enrique Erro No. 1 Tonantzintla, Puebla, México
E-mail: stoxqui@inaoep.mx, olivares @inaoep.mx
The “Point 4 KERR ® ” is a light cured resin based on composite dental restorative can
be used as replayed recording holographic medium applied conventional
microlithography techniques with ultraviolet light, his material provides advantages in
production time and unit cost to replica with high diffraction efficiency Hologram.
There are different kinds <strong>of</strong> photopolymer resin to be found in the market. One <strong>of</strong> them is
“Point 4 KERR ® ” has a specify application in the odontology area, however it has other
application as such as holography, it is a composite resin that contains approximately 77%
by weight (59% by volume) inorganic filler with an average particle size <strong>of</strong> 0.4 microns,
their main components are bishhenol A- glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) resin matrix,
urethane dimethacrylate (UEDMA) and (TGDMA) [1,2,3] .
We doped the resin with solvent given result a liquid solution, this solution is analyzed by
IR spectroscopy (figure 1).
100.6
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
3413.84
3413.15
2964.01
2962.62 2177.28 2173.38
3020.81
2019.14
1996.17
1636.77 1637.23
1509.52 1509.57
1415.79
1453.70
1319.57
1320.63
1362.46
1297.39
1249.69
1296.61
830.87
814.24
829.60
812.46
666.82
60
55
%T
50
2
1718.07
1217.54
1161.22
45
40
35
1713.24
1
1163.77
30
25
20
p
prueba2
1 IR spectrum from “Point 4 KERR ® ”.
2 IR spectrum from “Point 4 KERR ® ” doped.
15
749.24
10
6.3
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 650.0
cm-1
Figure 1. Infrared spectrums from the resin
In 3413.15 appear vibration from de bond CH that correspond a dimmer polymer, the
region 3020.81-2962.62 is due to asymmetry vibration from bond CH 3 -, the strong
absorption at 1713.24 which correspond to the carbonyl group C=O <strong>of</strong> group ester, - C=Cis
a medium in 1636.77, 1637.23 that imply an aromatic rings, the presence <strong>of</strong> –C-O-C
from ester group occur in 1040.44-999.55, also an absorption band with a high intensity in
749.24.UV spectrum is obtained (figure 2) we can observed important differences after UV
radiation the solution presents a change <strong>of</strong> density in the region 190-250 nm, therefore this
show that it is a photosensitive material.
1040.44
999.55
Coating film without UV exposition.
1.2
-------Coating film after exposition.
1.0
Absorbance(a.u)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Figure 2. UV spectrum <strong>of</strong> the resin.
0.2
0.0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
wavelength (nm)

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 47
The replicated hologram is obtained by the next technique, first a digital patter by
computer simulation <strong>of</strong> a Fourier hologram (figure 3) generated later with lithographic
tools this is photoreduced to obtaining gray-scale transmission masks. The solution (Point
4 KERR ®¨ modifiable resin) is poured by Spin coater on commune substrate then the mask
is aligner with the layer resin that is cured by exposure to UV light, finally the mass takes
<strong>of</strong>f and the hologram pattern is transferred onto layer substrate without some develop
process after that the hologram is reconstructed (figure 5).
Figure 3. Microstructure Fourier
Hologram
Figure 4. Object used to obtain
digital hologram
Figure 5. Diffraction pattern
optical reconstruction
Figure 7 shows the diffraction efficiency <strong>of</strong> an absorption hologram as a function <strong>of</strong> the
energy. The diffraction efficiency increased in function <strong>of</strong> the UV irradiance exposition,
the maximum efficiency is obtained at 40 seconds exposure time that correspond a 0.29
joules/cm 2 <strong>of</strong> energy this is 82.7%, after that decrease.
80
Diffraction efficiency(%)
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Energy (Joules/cm 2 )
Figure 6. Diffraction pattern <strong>of</strong> a single grating
Figure 7. Diffraction efficiency <strong>of</strong> the grating array
“The Point 4 KERR ® ” is a composite resin, this have a organic phase (matrix), the disperse
phase (filler), and the interfacial phase coupling agent. This resin can be used as layer film
and the method present in this paper is simple and faster for obtaining a replayed
hologram.
1. Tani Y, New technology <strong>of</strong> composite resins developed in Japan, Trans. Second Int
Cog Dent Mater 1993, 54-61.
2. Ruyter IE, Oysaed H. Composite for use in posterior teeth: Composition and
conversion, J Biomed mater Res 1987, 21(1), 11-23.
3. Hosada H. Yamada, Inokoshi S. SEM and elemental analysis <strong>of</strong> composites resins. J
Prosthet Dent 1990, 64(6), 669-676.
4. Svetlana S. and Dejan P. Relief hologram replication using a dental composite as an
embossing tool, Optics Express 2005, 13(7), 2747-2754.
5. A Guide for using Point 4 Optimized Particle Composite System, Keer Corpotation.

48 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
MILK HOLOGRAMS
I. Olvera-Bautista 1 , S. Toxqui-López 2 , A. Olivares-Pérez 2 , M. Ortiz-Palacios 1 ,
E. L. Ponce-Lee 2 , M. P. Hernández-Garay 2 , I. Fuentes-Tapia 2
1 Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Atlixco (ITSA), Prolongación Heliotropo No. 1201
Col. Vista Hermosa, Atlixco, Puebla
2 Instituto Nacional de Astr<strong>of</strong>ísica Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Calle Luis Enrique Erro
No. 1 Tonantzintla, Puebla, México
E-mail: ivet_yvy17@yahoo.com.mx, stoxqui@inaoep.mx, olivares@inaoep.mx
The studies preliminary show that milk can be us as replayed holographic
recording medium consequently, we present analysis <strong>of</strong> the properties and
preliminary experimental results.
Milk is a very complex food with over 100,000 different molecular species found [1] . There
are many factors that can affect milk composition such as breed variations (With all this in
mind, only an approximate composition <strong>of</strong> milk can be given [2] : 87.3% water (range <strong>of</strong>
85.5% - 88.7%) , 3.9 % milkfat (range <strong>of</strong> 2.4% - 5.5%) and8.8% solids-not-fat (range <strong>of</strong>
7.9 - 10.0%) 3 , the carotenoid precursor <strong>of</strong> vitamin A, ß -carotene, contained in milk fat, is
responsible for the 'creamy' colour <strong>of</strong> milk. Rib<strong>of</strong>lavin imparts a greenish colour to whey [4] .
Refractive index (RI) is normally determined at 20° C with the D line <strong>of</strong> the sodium
spectrum. The refractive index <strong>of</strong> milk is 1.3440 to 1.3485 and can be used to estimate
total solids [5] .
In this research pasteurized milk used as coating holographic film. The coating film is
obtained when the milk is poured into a substrate, the poured can be in different form one
<strong>of</strong> then is per gravity other is used a spinner.
We obtained the IR spectrum from the sample (milk) as a holographic film (Graphic 1).
97.8
97
96
95
94
93
892.69
783.98
705.61
92
91
3281.44
1993.29
1539.88
1462.15
1241.57
90
%T
89
88
2166.12
1638.37
87
86
1153.29
85
84
2853.10
1032.97
83
82
1744.06
81
80
2921.10
78.8
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 650.0
cm-1
Graphic 1. IR spectrum transmittance Milk
The spectrum shows diverse groups that correspond basically from amino acids these have
a common part into molecule that they consist <strong>of</strong> a group amino (NH3) which appear at
892.65 cm -1 , 783.98 cm - 1, 705.61 cm - 1, 1539.881 cm -1 ,1638.37 cm -1 , acid group
(COOH) [6] 3281.44 cm -1 , OH group in 1462.15 cm -1 , other bands indicate the union carbon
- hydrogen <strong>of</strong> the principal chains that they form, also some groups typical <strong>of</strong> some amino
acids as SH group basically in the cysteine at 1032.97 cm -1 , and some components <strong>of</strong> the
milk as the phosphate at1241.57 cm -1 . [7]
We get the thickness from the coating holographic milk film as function <strong>of</strong> all milk
contains (Graphic 2), also the index refraction as function drying time (graphic 3) and the

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 49
diffraction efficiency that can be obtained when replicated some holograms depending <strong>of</strong>
like the holographic film is obtained (Graphic 4, 5).
Film thickness milk
Index refraction change
% Dif f r action Ef f iciency Milk (Emptied
gr avity)
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Ser i es1
1.356
1.355
1.354
1.353
1.352
1.351
1.35
1.349
1.348
0 5 10 15
Ser i es1
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2 0 5 10 15
Ser i es 1
ml . mi l k
Time (s)
Time (s)
Graphic 2. Film thickness milk
Graphic 3. Milk index refraction
change
Graphic4. Diffraction efficiency milk
(emptied gravity)
The sample(milk) is put on substrate 6.25cm 2 area, and the thickness increased in
agreement to quantity added sample s let us determine the quantity <strong>of</strong> sample that we need
to recording hologram the good thickness is in 0.01 mm that correspond 0.01 ml .
Diffraction efficiency milk
(seconds)
10
5
0
0 2 4 6
Serie
1
Time exposure( s)
Graphic 5. Diffraction efficiency milk (s)
We can observed that the gravity method has efficiency is 13.92 % to 4 seconds, on the
other hand the spinner method, the diffraction efficiency is 9.08 % when the film exposure
2 second.
The results present a good viability to record holograms in milk however it presents a low
efficiency nevertheless this one to future can be doped increase diffraction efficiency.
1. Badui, D. S Diccionario de tecnología de los alimentos; 1 a Edition Addison Wesley
Longman, México 1998; p 185.
2. R. A. Day Jr, A. L. Underwood. Química analítica cuantitativa; 1 a Edition Pretice Hall;
México, 1989; p 466.
3. http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/chem.html
4. Douglas A. S., et al; Química analítica; Sexta edición; Editorial Mc Graw Hill;
Colombia; 1998, p 612.
5. Badui D. S, Química de los alimentos: 1 a Edition Pearson Educación;México, 1993,
p36.
6. Osborne y P. Voogt, Análisis de los Nutrientes de los Alimentos; 1 a Edition, Acribia,
S.A. Zaragoza, España 1986.p 125.
7. http://www.sso.cl/alimentos2.htm
8. http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/Dgg/NOM/nom155scfi.pdf

50 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
LIGHT EMISSION BY THE NANOMETER-SCALE STRUCTURES
T.A.Kudykina, A.I.Pervak
University “Ukraina”, Department <strong>of</strong> Engineering Technologies,
vul. Horiva, 1 Γ , Kiev-71, Ukraine, 04071
E-mail: tkudykina@ukr.net
It is shown that the nanometer-scale structures (quantum wells, dots, porous
silicon, thin films) are the oscillatory systems with the natural frequencies in
the spectral region from ultraviolet to infrared.
The visible luminescence <strong>of</strong> the nanometer-scale objects and the radiowave
generation by an oscillatory circuit are the similar processes but in the different regions <strong>of</strong>
1
frequencies. The natural frequency <strong>of</strong> a circuit is equal to ω
0
= ( where L and C are
LC
its inductance and capacity). The natural frequency <strong>of</strong> a sample with a thickness d is equal
c
to ω0 = (where ε and µ are a dielectric constant and a magnetic susceptibility <strong>of</strong>
d εµ
a medium).
The natural frequencies <strong>of</strong> a thin metal or semiconductor layers with d = 1 ÷ 100 nm
are situated in the spectral region from ultraviolet to infrared.
Our calculations <strong>of</strong> the thickness dependencies <strong>of</strong> the indices <strong>of</strong> refraction n(d) and
the coefficients <strong>of</strong> absorption α (d)
<strong>of</strong> thin metal and semiconductor films based on our
analogues <strong>of</strong> Fresnel’s formulas for absorbing media [1] and the experimental data <strong>of</strong>
reflection and transmission for these materials show the resonance maxima <strong>of</strong> n(d) and the
λ0
2πc
resonance minima <strong>of</strong> α (d ) . All <strong>of</strong> them take place when d
res
= , ( λ0
= ).
2πn(
d
res
) ω0
Investigation show that silicon has the best emission ability among the investigated
materials (Ag, Al, Fe, Si, Ge, Se, Te). Silver has greater negative absorption than silicon,
but the luminescence decay in Ag (calculated coefficient <strong>of</strong> a time decay <strong>of</strong> a wave α
1
) is
α1 cn
greater too. The condition =

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 51
Fig.1. Dimension dependences <strong>of</strong> the coefficients <strong>of</strong> absorption α (d) <strong>of</strong> thin layers:
х – tellurium; + - germanium; о – selenium; □ – silicon.
The wavelength <strong>of</strong> the incident light is λ =580 nm.
Fig.2. Dimension dependences <strong>of</strong> the coefficients <strong>of</strong> absorption <strong>of</strong> thin layers:
□ - silver; ○ - aluminum; + - iron.
The wavelength <strong>of</strong> the incident light is λ =546.1 nm.

52 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
IMPACT OF TILT OF A PHASE DOE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
THE LASER BEAMS MATCHED WITH THE ANGULAR
HARMONICS BASIS
Almazov A.A., Khonina S.N., Kotlyar V.V.
Samara State Aerospace University,
Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences,
151 Molodogvardejskaya, Samara 443001, Russia
E-mail: AAASkald@yandex.ru, khonina@smr.ru
We discuss the generation <strong>of</strong> singular laser beams using the phase diffractive
optical elements (DOEs) [1] . Among laser modes with helical singularity there
are well-known higher-order Gauss-Laguerre [2] and Bessel [3] modes. Those
modes contain optical vortices [4] providing the presence <strong>of</strong> an orbital angular
momentum. In this paper, we consider new types <strong>of</strong> laser beams with orbital
angular momentum, namely, optical vortices "imbedded" in a plane or
Gaussian beam. Impact <strong>of</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> disturbances (DOE tilt, system
misalignment, and inclusion <strong>of</strong> transparent obstacles) on the properties <strong>of</strong> the
resulting laser beams with optical vortices or angular harmonics [5] with varying
amplitude components is numerically studied.
In Ref. [6] generation and detection <strong>of</strong> laser beams with angular harmonics using
phase DOEs was considered. Impact <strong>of</strong> some types <strong>of</strong> distortions on the quality <strong>of</strong> beam
generation and detection was simulated. It was demonstrated that using phase DOEs it is
possible to provide high accuracy in detection <strong>of</strong> the various-order angular harmonics in
the laser beams: the ratio <strong>of</strong> signal in the diffraction order <strong>of</strong> the harmonics under detection
to that in the empty diffraction order was about 10 5 -10 3 .
In real optical systems, a frequently found distortion is that the DOE is not
perpendicular to the optical axis. Here, two types <strong>of</strong> distortion take place simultaneously.
First, the DOE is virtually "compressed" along a transverse coordinate, generating an
astigmatic output beam. Second, an effect <strong>of</strong> increased DOE relief depth occurs, with the
subsequent phase delay <strong>of</strong> the light transmitted (see Fig. 1).
ϕ( x ) = 2π
h( x) (1) λ ϕ ( )
Perpendicular incidence
( x)
2
( α ) λ
h π
′ x = (2)
cos
Oblique incidence
Fig. 1. An illustration <strong>of</strong> the perpendicular and oblique incidence <strong>of</strong> light on the DOE

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 53
The designations in Fig. 1 are as follows: h(x) is the function <strong>of</strong> the DOE relief
depth, x is the transverse coordinate (for simplicity, a 1D case is shown).
F r, ϕ = A r,
ϕ exp iΦ
r,
ϕ is transformed as
In the general case, the field ( ) ( ) ( ( ))
⎛ iΦ′
( ) ( )
( r,
ϕ )
( ) ⎟ ⎞
F накл
r,
ϕ = A′
r,
ϕ exp⎜
, where A′ ( r,ϕ ), ( r,ϕ )
⎝ cos α ⎠
distorted functions A ( r,ϕ ), Ф ( r,ϕ )
Ф′ are the astigmatically
. Thus, with increasing angle <strong>of</strong> the DOE tilt, α, the
DOE singularity order is changed. Note that generally speaking, the singularity order
ceases to be integral in this case. Hence, while possessing the properties <strong>of</strong> an astigmatic
laser beam, the light field generated with the tilted DOE, will simultaneously show
peculiar properties, which are more pronounced for greater DOE tilt.
In Ref. [7] the generation <strong>of</strong> optical vortices in illumination <strong>of</strong> a spiral phase plate
with a plane or Gaussian beam was discussed. In the present paper, experimental studies <strong>of</strong>
the generation <strong>of</strong> singular beams in oblique illumination <strong>of</strong> similar spiral phase plates are
conducted. Figure 2b-e illustrates some results <strong>of</strong> the experiments in oblique illumination
<strong>of</strong> the third-order phase plate (Fig. 2a) with a converging laser beam.
a b c d e
Fig. 2. Experimental results with oblique illumination <strong>of</strong> the third-order phase plate (a) under
different angles from 5 grad to 35 grad (b-e)
The work is financially supported by the CRDF (grant REC-SA-014-02), the
presidential grant <strong>of</strong> Russian Federation NS-1007.2003.1 and the grant <strong>of</strong> the Russian
Foundation for Basic Research 05-01-96505.
1. Methods for Computer Design <strong>of</strong> Diffractive Optical Elements, ed. Victor A. Soifer –
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2002, 765 p.
2. A.E. Siegman, Lasers, University Science, Mill Valley, CA, 1986.
3. K. Volke-Sepulveda, V. Garces-Chavez, S. Chavez-Cerda, J. Arlt, K. Dholakia,
“Orbital angular momentum <strong>of</strong> a high-order Bessel light beam”, J. Opt. B: Quantum
Semiclass. Opt., 4, S82–S89, 2002.
4. M.S. Soskin, M.S. Vasnetsov, Singular optics, Progress in Optics 42, E. Wolf ed.,
2001.
5. Kotlyar V.V., Khonina S.N., Soifer V.A., “Light field decomposition in angular
harmonics by means <strong>of</strong> diffractive optics”, J. Mod. Opt. 45(7), 1495-1506 (1998).
6. A. Almazov, S. N. Khonina, V. V. Kotlyar, Generation and selection <strong>of</strong> laser beams
represented as a superposition <strong>of</strong> an arbitrary number <strong>of</strong> angular harmonics with
diffractive optical elements, Optical Journal, v. 72, # 5, 2005.
7. V.V. Kotlyar, A.A. Almazov, S.N. Khonina, V.A. Soifer, H. Elfstrom, J. Turunen,
Generation <strong>of</strong> phase singularity through diffracting a plane or Gaussian beam by a
spiral phase plate, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. (2005).

54 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
MODELLING RIGOROUS DIFFRACTION FROM 3D
SUB-WAVELENGTH STRUCTURES
J.M. Brok a & H.P. Urbach a,b
a
Delft University <strong>of</strong> Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
b
Philips Research Laboratories, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
E-mail: j.m.brok@tnw.tudelft.nl
We present a rigorous method to calculate the electromagnetic field that is
scattered from a perfectly conducting layer with finite thickness, containing
multiple, rectangular, 3D pits and holes. Plasmon effects and polarisation
phenomena are shown.
In the rigorous modelling <strong>of</strong> diffraction from 3D sub-wavelength metallic structures, the
methods that are <strong>of</strong>ten used are based on meshing the region <strong>of</strong> interest and applying the
finite-difference time-domain or the finite-element method. When calculating a (large) 3D
volume, these methods are computationally (very) costly. Therefore, the modelled
structures usually consist either <strong>of</strong> only a single scatterer (such as a pit or hole) or else <strong>of</strong> a
periodic (2D) array <strong>of</strong> identical scattering objects. However, when we want to understand
for example the influence <strong>of</strong> neighbouring pits in optical recording or the extraordinary
transmission <strong>of</strong> light through sub-wavelength holes [1] , it is important to study the mutual
interaction between two or more scatterers at varying distances. When the scatterers are
rectangular holes or pits in a very good conductor, we describe a mode expansion
technique that is a very efficient alternative to the numerical techniques mentioned above.
Consider a perfectly conducting
metallic layer <strong>of</strong> thickness D,
with rectangular pits and holes.
The materials above and below
the layer, as well as inside the
pits and holes, are homogeneous
dielectrics. The incident field can
be a simple plain wave or a
complicated spot. The field
z
above and below the layer is written as an integral over a continuum <strong>of</strong> propagating and
evanescent plane waves. The pits and holes can be considered finite, metallic waveguides.
The field inside such waveguides can be written as a sum over propagating and evanescent
waveguide modes <strong>of</strong> the infinitely long waveguide with the same cross-section. The
tangential components <strong>of</strong> these two expansions are matched at the upper and lower
surfaces <strong>of</strong> the layer. With this mode expansion technique [2,3] , a 3D diffraction problem is
turned into a 2D numerical problem. It turns out that the coefficients for the plane waves
can be eliminated from the system <strong>of</strong> equations and hence, we end up with a fairly small
system for only the coefficients <strong>of</strong> the waveguide modes. Solving this system is a matter <strong>of</strong>
seconds on a modern desktop computer.
y
x
Fig. 1 Problem definition. Multiple rectangular pits (with depth
smaller than D) or holes are modelled.
D
Lx
Ly

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 55
First setup
Incident E perpendicular to line that connects centers <strong>of</strong> holes
2.6
two holes
2.4
three holes
Second
Figure 2 shows some results for two
setups: in the first we have two
identical holes and in the second we
have three identical holes, both with
their centers aligned. The holes are
cubic: L x = L y = D = λ/4, with λ the
wavelength <strong>of</strong> the incident light. The
distance between the centers <strong>of</strong> the
holes is varied. We show the energy
flux through one hole (the center
hole for the second case), normalised
by the energy flux through an
identical, solitary hole. Note that this
energy need not reach the far field, it
may scatter into evanescent
contributions below the layer. In the
top figure, the incident field is a
perpendicular incident, S-polarised
plane wave. In the lower figure, the
incident field is P-polarised.
Enhancement <strong>of</strong> the energy flux
occurs only for holes that are very
near for the S-polarised incident
field, whereas for P-polarisation,
both enhancement and attenuation
occur for larger distances between
0.8
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
distance (units <strong>of</strong> wavelengths) between centers <strong>of</strong> holes
Fig. 2. Normalised energy flux through a hole as a function
<strong>of</strong> distance between the holes. Solid line for the case <strong>of</strong>
two identical holes, dotted line for three identical holes.
the holes. This points to the contribution <strong>of</strong> plasmon effects in the latter case, whereas for
S-polarisation enhancement is mainly due to evanescent fields.
This research was supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW.
normalized energy flux
normalized energy flux
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1. T.W. Ebbesen, H.J. Lezec, H.F. Ghaemi, T. Thio and P.A. Wolff, Extraordinary
optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays, Nature 391, 667-669
(1998).
2. A. Roberts, Electromagnetic theory <strong>of</strong> diffraction by a circular aperture in a thick,
perfectly conducting screen, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 4, No. 10, 1970-1983, (1987).
3. J.M. Brok and H.P. Urbach, A mode expansion technique for rigorously calculating the
scattering from 3D structures in optical recording, J. Mod. Opt., Vol. 51, No 14, 2059-
2077 (2004).
2
1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Incident E parallel to line that connects centers <strong>of</strong> holes
two holes
three holes
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
distance (units <strong>of</strong> wavelengths) between centers <strong>of</strong> holes

56 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
LIDAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
G. J. Ciuciu, D.N. Nicolae, C. Talianu, M. Ciobanu, V. Babin
National Institute <strong>of</strong> R&D for Optoelectronics, 1 Atomistilor Str., Bucharest – Magurele,
P.O. Box MG-5, RO-077125, Romania
Tel/Fax: 40-21-457 45 22, E-mail: jeni@inoe.inoe.ro, URL: http://inoe.inoe.ro
This paper presents LiSA method for Lidar signal processing. It is a combined
method, based on the Fernald-Klett algorithm and optical atmospheric model.
The purpose is to provide some atmospheric parameters: backscattering and
extinction coefficients.
LIDAR technique is an active remote sensing method and is based on the emission <strong>of</strong> short
laser pulses (ns or fs duration) to the atmosphere under study. The laser photons
backscattered by the atmospheric volume under study are collected by a receiving optical
telescope. The signals are acquired and digitized in the analog and/or the photon counting
mode by fast transient recorders and subsequently transferred to a personal computer for
further analysis and storing.
Recently, at the National Institute <strong>of</strong> R&D for Optoelectronics – Romania, a compact
backscatter lidar was installed. LiSA system can work separately or simultaneous on two
wavelengths. It is made to detect from distance (max. 10 Km) micronic aerosols, with a
spatial resolution <strong>of</strong> 6 m, using as sounding radiation the beam <strong>of</strong> a Nd:YAG laser with
second harmonic.
To analyze the return signal in laser remote sensing means to find solutions for the
equation which relates the characteristics <strong>of</strong> the received and emitted signal, and the
propagation medium. The form <strong>of</strong> the equation depends <strong>of</strong> the interaction type [1] . For those
applications which involves scattering (elastic or inelastic), the form <strong>of</strong> equation is quite
simple:
Z
β ( Z ) ⋅ exp[ − 2∫
α( z)
dz]
Z0
S ( Z ) = C ( Z ) ⋅
+ S
(1)
S
Z
2
bg
where Z is the distance to the scattering point, S(Z) is the Lidar signal (power), C S (Z) is the
so-called system function, β(Z) is the backscattering atmospheric coefficient at distance Z,
α(Z) is the extinction atmospheric coefficient at distance Z and S bg is the background
signal (power).
In writing this equation, the multiple scattering was neglected. The main problem is that
we have two unknown parameters - β(Z) and α(Z) – and one equation, so that is necessary
to postulate a relation between the two. For this, the Lidar ratio S a ( Z ) = α( Z ) β ( Z ) is used.
This parameter is dependent <strong>of</strong> the scatterer dimension and, if is known, the equation can
be solved. To know Sa values over entire investigation distance is mostly impossible.
In 1972, Fred Fernald [2] realised that Lidar equation is a Bernoulli equation on first rang
and obtained its solution in ‘forward’ form, choosing for calibration the closest point Z 0 in
the investigation interval. This method works well if the backscattering coefficient in Z 0
can be provided by complementary measurements. In 1981, Klett [3] proved that this
solution becomes unstable if atmospheric extinction is important and in that case it
diverges with increases <strong>of</strong> the distance. He suggested an ‘inversion’ <strong>of</strong> solution, that means
to choose the references point Z ∞ at the end <strong>of</strong> the investigation interval. Rearrangement <strong>of</strong>

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 57
integration limits and changing the divisor sign stabilize the solution, but difficult to obtain
data in far field is requested.
LiSA system signal processing method is based on Fernald-Klett combined, instead <strong>of</strong>
complementary measurements data, with optical model <strong>of</strong> the atmosphere developed by
Russel and all. in 1979 [4] . The new parameter used in this case is the altitude pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong>
Lidar ratio for aerosols scattering θ a ( Z ) = 1 S a ( Z ). The altitude pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> molecular
extinction coefficient α m ( h)
is presumed known. In this case, Fernald-Klett solution <strong>of</strong>
Lidar equation can be written:
F(
Z)
2
2
β a ( z)
= −α
m ( Z)
θ m + β ( Z ∞ ) T m ( Z,
Z ∞ ) T a ( Z,
Z
F(
Z )
∞
(2)
where T m ( Z,
Z ∞ ) is the molecular transmission, and T a ( Z,
Z ∞ ) is the aerosol transmission
corrected with atmospheric model. From eq. (2) we find that Fernald-Klett solution allows
2
to include the contribution <strong>of</strong> aerosols extinction through T a ( Z,
Z ∞ ) factor, this being the
unique solution <strong>of</strong> Lidar equation.
Lidar systems can be very useful in environmental investigations, especially <strong>of</strong> the
atmosphere, due to the large covered area and the real time response. The accuracy <strong>of</strong>
obtained information is dependent <strong>of</strong> technical performances <strong>of</strong> the device and <strong>of</strong>
sensibility <strong>of</strong> data processing method, which can be critical in some cases.
Presentation <strong>of</strong> this paper was partially supported by ICO travel-grant program.
∞
)
1. R.M. Measures, Laser Remote Sensing. Fundamentals and Applications, Krieger
Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1992, p. 237.
2. F.G. Fernald, B.M. Herman, and J.A. Reagan, Determination Of Aerosol Height
Distribution By Lidar, J. Appl. Meteorol. 11(1972)482.
3. J.D. Klett, Stable Analytical Inversion Solution For Processing Lidar Returns, Appl.
Opt. 20(1981)211.
4. P.B. Russell, T. J. Swissler, and M. P. McCormick, Methodology for error analysis and
simulation <strong>of</strong> lidar aerosol measurements, Appl.Opt., 18(1979)3783.

58 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
A Nd:YAG SURGICAL LASER FOR OPHTHALMOLOGIC
STEREOMICROSCOPE
D. Savastru, S. Miclos, C. Cotirlan, M. Mustata, E. Ristici, Teodara Brezeanu, Simona
Dontu, M. Rusu, V. Savu, A. Stefanescu*
National Institute <strong>of</strong> R&D for Optoelectronics –INOE-2000, Romania
* Eye Clinical Hospital <strong>of</strong> Bucharest, Romania
E-mail: dsavas@inoe.inoe.ro
A surgical laser system used in ophthalmology for posterior capsulotomy and
pupil membranectomy is presented. BIOLASER allows stereoscopic
examination <strong>of</strong> eye’s transparent medium and the execution <strong>of</strong> the
microsurgical procedures in the anterior and posterior chambers.
The system yields an infrared laser beam <strong>of</strong> 1064 nm wavelength (Fig.1). A Q-switch
Nd:YAG laser has been designed and built [1] . This laser delivers a chosen amount <strong>of</strong>
energy to a focal point <strong>of</strong> approximately 10 microns diameter producing a plasma effect
and thus an acoustic wave. This acustic wave disrupts the adjacent tissue. This is known as
the “photodisruptive effect” [2,3,4] . As the treatment energy increases the size <strong>of</strong> created
plasma also increases, causing a larger acoustic wave and also a stronger effect. The
system works both in mono pulse or double pulse regime. The laser beam was spatial
filtered in order to obtain the TEM oo and it is focused at 150 microns behind the object
plane to reduce the risk <strong>of</strong> pitting the intraocular lens when performing posterior
capsulotomy. The aiming system uses a laser diode with 635 nm wavelength, less than 1
mW output power, splitted into two beams and then directed through the objective marking
the object plane. This aiming system presents the evolution <strong>of</strong> the diameter and the
position <strong>of</strong> the Nd:YAG laser pulse and also <strong>of</strong> the depth where the focal point <strong>of</strong> the laser
pulse is located.
P2
P1
Beam expander
Nd:YAG rod
Step-by-step
motor
Gears
Beam splitter prisms
From binocular
Circular variable neutral
density filter
Objective
Focal plane
Laser beam
Red light
deflecting mirror
laser diode
Fig. 1. BIOLASER schematics

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 59
The adjustment is made by superposing the two red laser diode beams in the object
visible plane, the Nd:YAG laser beam strikes in the central part <strong>of</strong> them. The laser beam
(1064 nm) is passed through a beam expander with a 12x magnification coefficient, than
attenuated by a circular variable neutral filter, and finally, it is focused by the objective <strong>of</strong>
the microscope in about 10 microns focal area diameter. We obtained energies from 0.8 mJ
to 8.2 mJ for capsulotomy and iridotomy in less than ±10 % energy variations.
1. C. Cotîrlan, D. Savastru, Marina Mustatã, S. Miclos, Es<strong>of</strong>ina Ristici, M. Garais, A.
Stefãnescu-Dima, I.P. Grecu, "Nd:YAG Laser Ophtalmic System", Laser Florence
Conference, 6-8 nov. 2003, Florenta, Italia.
2. D. Savastru, S. Miclos, C. Cotirlan, E. Ristici, M. Mustata, M. Mogildea, G. Mogildea,
T. Dragu, R. Morarescu, „Nd:YAG Laser System for Ophthalmology: Biolaser-1”, J. <strong>of</strong>
Optoelectronics and Advances Materials Vol. 6, No. 2, June 2004, p 497-502.
3. Stefanescu-Dima, Cristina Stoica, Luminita Ursea, “Posterior Capsulotomy: When
Where How”, ”Ophtalmology”, No. 3, pp. 93-100, 2003.
4. Zachary S. Sacks, Frieder Loesel et al., “Transscleral photodisruption for treatment <strong>of</strong>
glaucoma”, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3726, pp. 516-521, 1998.

60 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
ANALYSIS OF EDGE DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR ANALOG
REALIZATION
Evgeniya Serova
Institute <strong>of</strong> Design Problems in Microelectronics <strong>of</strong> RAS, 8a Mazhorov per, Moscow,
RF,105023
E-mail: serova@ippm.ru
Various mathematical operators for edge detection was analyzed, compared
and simulated to select best operator for analog realization in focal plane <strong>of</strong>
CMOS-APS imagers on given complex criteria.
Perspective direction in area <strong>of</strong> digital image processing is compression,
segmentation, intensification contrast and processing target, motion-detection, search and
recognition given object, image processing. These tasks are resolved with help smart
machine vision system.
The contours <strong>of</strong> the image are very informational and allows to process <strong>of</strong> the image
for solving tasks <strong>of</strong> image recognition at real time. Edge detection <strong>of</strong> the image allows
improving the quality <strong>of</strong> the image, to definition <strong>of</strong> artificial objects on the image, to
reduce the volume <strong>of</strong> data by means <strong>of</strong> transmission only the information about a contour.
For design circuit it needs development method <strong>of</strong> processing. On this case we
developed the complex criteria for choice the best operator <strong>of</strong> edge detection. The complex
criteria consist <strong>of</strong> following limited. At first it connected with analog realization <strong>of</strong>
algorithm: for minimum number <strong>of</strong> parallel processing image elements (pixels), simply
mathematic operations such as additional, subtraction, and module. At second it connected
with task <strong>of</strong> image analysis is criteria for estimation receive contour image quality.
The methods <strong>of</strong> masks are used for edge detection. It is algorithms <strong>of</strong> the discovery
<strong>of</strong> the contour, when the mask has a part <strong>of</strong> the image with some weighting coefficient and
determines the presence <strong>of</strong> the contour by the response <strong>of</strong> the mask. In their turn these
methods are divided on usual differential operators and methods <strong>of</strong> the comparison with
the standard (approximating methods). The formers indicate the presence <strong>of</strong> the contour,
other indicates besides the direction <strong>of</strong> the contour.
In respect to image recognition the contours presents the more informative.
Procedure <strong>of</strong> Edge detection permit to improve quality – get rid <strong>of</strong> noises, reduce image
size (binary image take the less memories). At detection <strong>of</strong> contours on images with noises
differential operators are used. In this case it is necessary to define thresholds <strong>of</strong> detection
that is to define what response on the operator (mask) testifies to presence <strong>of</strong> a contour and
what is not present. The knowledge <strong>of</strong> thresholds gives objective comparison masks
methods <strong>of</strong> detection. As criterion <strong>of</strong> comparison threshold contrast that is the
characteristic <strong>of</strong> size <strong>of</strong> difference <strong>of</strong> the brightness which are found out by the operator is
accepted, at the set size <strong>of</strong> probability <strong>of</strong> false detection (Р l0 ). The best is the method which
at set Р l0 gives the minimal value <strong>of</strong> threshold contrast. Special s<strong>of</strong>tware for simulation <strong>of</strong>
mathematical methods <strong>of</strong> edge detection was created. The program realizes five described
above mathematical methods contours (Zobel method, Kirsha method, Laplas method,
Robertes method (2 version).

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 61
PITTING CORROSION MONITORING WITH ELECTRONIC-
SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY
Frankevych L. F.
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute <strong>of</strong> NAS <strong>of</strong> Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
The new method <strong>of</strong> spatial-temporal electronic speckle-photography was
proposed to research the pitting corrosion processes. The experimental setup
for realization this method was calculated and created. Appearance <strong>of</strong>
corrosion pitting was registered for a steel beam specimen.
Crevice corrosion and corrosion fatigue <strong>of</strong> construction materials belong to the most
dangerous types <strong>of</strong> corrosion-mechanical damages [1] . Pitting corrosion is an initial stage <strong>of</strong>
corrosion fatigue and reduces to destruction <strong>of</strong> materials. It is very difficult to expose
intercrystalline, transcrystalline or mixed type <strong>of</strong> crack by the existent methods <strong>of</strong> fault
detection. Therefore, the problem <strong>of</strong> development <strong>of</strong> the new methods for diagnostics <strong>of</strong>
corrosion fatigue on the initial stages is enough actual. Now there are some electronical
and optical methods for research <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> corrosion-mechanical destruction.
However they are enough laborious and need a long time for researches and can’t use for
real – time monitoring.
To research the processes <strong>of</strong> pitting and corrosion ulcers nucleation, we have
proposed the hybrid optical-digital method <strong>of</strong> spatial-temporal electronic specklephotography
[2] , which is quite simple and does not yield other on the explored parameters.
For this purpose, the experimental setup for realization this method was calculated and
created. It contains the loading setting and spatial-temporal speckle-correlator. The studied
specimen is situated in a glass cuvette with a liquid. One end <strong>of</strong> a specimen is fixed to the
cantilever <strong>of</strong> the loading setting. The calculation <strong>of</strong> the spatial-temporal specklecorrelator’s
optical system was conducted, which provided the necessary scale <strong>of</strong> images
and sizes <strong>of</strong> speckle (the average size <strong>of</strong> speckle must be larger then pixel size). The optical
system was located on a holder, which is hardly fastened to immobile part <strong>of</strong> the loading
setting. Such fastening provides immobility <strong>of</strong> optics relatively to the studied specimen.
The experiments were conducted for steel 12H1MF <strong>of</strong> the pipeline systems <strong>of</strong> power
equipment, from which studied specimen were done with a smooth cut for localization <strong>of</strong>
the corrosion processes. The specimen was immersed into 3% water solution <strong>of</strong> NaCl with
additions <strong>of</strong> HCl and NaOH for achievement <strong>of</strong> value pH=6,5. And it was loading with
cyclic frequency <strong>of</strong> equal to 0,1 Hertz. To test the rectangular grating <strong>of</strong> cross-correlation
peaks obtained as a result <strong>of</strong> temporal changes <strong>of</strong> studied surface; at first we have produced
the rectangular grating <strong>of</strong> autocorrelation peaks by autocorrelation <strong>of</strong> the surface fragments
(subimages) <strong>of</strong> the explored area in initial condition. The next stage <strong>of</strong> experiments
consists in producing <strong>of</strong> gratings <strong>of</strong> cross-correlation peaks during fatigue loading <strong>of</strong> the
specimen. The reduction <strong>of</strong> intensity <strong>of</strong> cross-correlation peaks in relation to intensities <strong>of</strong>
autocorrelation peaks <strong>of</strong> the proper fragments carried information about the presence <strong>of</strong>
corrosive damages (pittings) on the studied specimen area. Appearance <strong>of</strong> corrosion ulcer
and its transformation in microcrack was registered.

62 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
Substantial advantage <strong>of</strong> the proposed method above known consists in possibility <strong>of</strong>
conducting the quantitative non-destructive control <strong>of</strong> pitting corrosion process on the
studied specimen surface. The other advantage consists in possibility <strong>of</strong> the real time data
acquisition about the beginning <strong>of</strong> pitting and development <strong>of</strong> microcrack.
Presentation <strong>of</strong> this paper was partially supported by ICO travel-grant program.
1. І.М. Дмитрах, В.В. Панасюк, Вплив корозійних середовищ на локальне руйнування
металів біля концентраторів напружень, Львів: Вид. ФМІ НАН України, 341,
(1999).
2. M. Sjödahl, Some Recent Advances in Electronic Speckle Photography // Opt. Las.
Eng., 29, 125-144, (1998).

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 63
THE ANALYSIS OF RESOLUTION CAPABILITY OF THE OPTICAL
COHERENT TOMOGRAPH
K.L. Khohlov, V.K. Sokolov
Baltic State Technical University,
1 st Krasnoarmeyskaya str.1, 198005, St.Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: xkl1478@mail.ru
In the report questions <strong>of</strong> resolution enhancement <strong>of</strong> a coherent laser optical
tomograph <strong>of</strong> high-resolution capability in short-range infrared a band are considered. The
tomograph focused on use for early diagnostics <strong>of</strong> pathological modification in a thyroid
gland <strong>of</strong> the human. Traditional methods <strong>of</strong> ultrasonic do not provide in this case, the
required resolution in tens micron, and X-ray methods cannot be used because <strong>of</strong> their
harm for the patient.
The carried out analysis <strong>of</strong> methods <strong>of</strong> an optical tomography has shown, that to the
most suitable for the solution <strong>of</strong> a task in view, the method optical coherent tomography
with use optical heterodyne. The method allows to detect the ballistic photons forming the
shadow image <strong>of</strong> a stratum <strong>of</strong> tissue, similar to the X-ray image. At use short-range
infrared areas (700-1300 nanometers), relevant to a spectral window <strong>of</strong> the s<strong>of</strong>t tissue <strong>of</strong>
the human, depth <strong>of</strong> penetration can achieve 10-12 cm. Magnifications <strong>of</strong> the resolution
can be achieved in two stages:
1. The diameter <strong>of</strong> fibers in sourcing and detecting arrays can be reduced. It allows to
reduce scanning aperture. The accessible type <strong>of</strong> fibers and length <strong>of</strong> waves restrict
resolution capability.
2. Realization posterior processing <strong>of</strong> the received images, implemented electronic or
optoelectronic processor working in actual time. We use the optical processor which
represents the television system covered with an optical back coupling and implementing
algorithm inverse filtering.
At the given stage <strong>of</strong> our work we analyzes with help <strong>of</strong> mathematical models the
opportunities <strong>of</strong> the first method. The inverse filtration means gathering some additional
information on a transfer function <strong>of</strong> imaging system and about properties <strong>of</strong> the object <strong>of</strong>
observation.
The dependences <strong>of</strong> the resolution on a standing <strong>of</strong> an objective plane concerning a
plane <strong>of</strong> the image and source, dependence <strong>of</strong> the resolution on character <strong>of</strong> allocation <strong>of</strong>
complex amplitudes under the aperture <strong>of</strong> a fibril are analysed. The model allows to take
into account influence <strong>of</strong> the size <strong>of</strong> the aperture <strong>of</strong> an emitter, the receiver on the
resolution <strong>of</strong> a tomograph. The criterion <strong>of</strong> the resolution is diameter <strong>of</strong> a spot <strong>of</strong> the image
is formed in a image plane. The boundary <strong>of</strong> a spot is defined or on the first minimum in
the diffraction pattern, or on a level exp 1 − .
Further we plan measuring coefficients <strong>of</strong> absorption and dispersion <strong>of</strong> medium <strong>of</strong>
observation and improvement <strong>of</strong> a model, terminating connection <strong>of</strong> a transfer function <strong>of</strong>
figuring system and definition <strong>of</strong> methods <strong>of</strong> its compensation.
1. Edited by Steve Webb. “The Physics <strong>of</strong> Medical Imaging”. M.:”Mir”, 1991 - 408с.
2. F. Stuart Foster, Charles J. Pavlin “Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy”:
Ultrasound in Med. and Biol., vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1-27, 2000.
3. V.I.Danilenko, A.A.Shmarin. ”New morphological spheroids objects and a
morphgenesis <strong>of</strong> pathological body height <strong>of</strong> tissues”.

64 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
4. Yoshiaki Sasaki, Hiroki Inage, Ryota Emory, Masaki Goto, eds., “Correction Method
<strong>of</strong> Surface Effects in Infra-Red Laser Transillumination CT Imaging”, SPIE Opt. Eng.
Press, Bellinggham, WA, 2004, vol.5368, pp. 939-949.
5. Radio engineering chains and signals: I.S.Gonorovsky, M.P.Dyomin - M.:Éáñ¿« and
connection, 1994. - 480с.
6. J.W. Goodman. “Introduction to Fourier Optics”, - M.:”Mir”, 1970 - 364с.
7. V.F. Relin . The thesis: “Coherently - optical a posteriori handling <strong>of</strong> X-ray
microscopical images”: - L.1986.
8. V.Tuchin, “Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical
Diagnosis”, TT38, SPIE Opt. Eng. Press, Bellinggham, WA, 2000.
9. A.N.Bashkatov, E.A.Genina, V.I.Kochubey, V.V.Tuchin, E.E.Tchikin, A.B.Knyazev,
O.V.Maraev. Optical properties mucos in a spectral diapason <strong>of</strong> 350-2000 nanometers.
Publishing house: Optician and a spectroscopy, 2004г. Т. 97.№6. с1037-1042.
10. G.G.Levin, G.N.Vishnjakov. “An optical tomography”. М.,: “Mir”., 1989.
11. Yoshiaki Sasaki, Hiroki Inage, Ryota Emory, Masaki Goto, eds., “Infra-Red Laser
Transillumination CT imaging System Using Parallel Fiber Arrays and Optical
Switches for Finger Joint Imaging”, SPIE Opt. Eng. Press, Bellinggham, WA, 2004,
vol.5368, pp.817-826.
12. Harrison H. Barrett, William Swindell, “Radiological Imaging. The theory <strong>of</strong> Image
Formation, detection, and Processing”, Academic Press, 1981, pp.117-142.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 65
GENERATION OF THE DISCRETE SPECTRAL
SUPERCONTINUUM IN TWO INTENSIVE ULTRASHORT PULSES
INTERACTION
M. A. Bakhtin, S. A. Kozlov
St.Petersburg State University <strong>of</strong> Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
Kronverksky pr. 49, St.Petersburg, 197101, Russia
E-mail: bakhtin@rain.ifmo.ru
It is shown that nonlinear interaction <strong>of</strong> two intensive few-cycle pulses in
waveguide can result in high repetition rate optical sequence generation with
quasi-discrete spectrum that can be used for information encoding.
The fiber optical systems have gained more and more popularity for data
transmission. Wave density multiplexing systems are widely used now to achieve high
bandwidths for optical channels. Current WDM implementations require many optical
sources (one for every channel). In present paper we consider a method <strong>of</strong> generation <strong>of</strong>
very high frequency optical signal sequence based on interaction <strong>of</strong> two few-cycle laser
pulses propagating collinearly in transparent nonlinear media with different group
velocities. The spectrum <strong>of</strong> generated sequence is quasi-discrete that allows using it as
multiple light sources with different wavelengths. Fig. 1 demonstrates the interaction <strong>of</strong> the
two few-cycle pulses with central wavelengths 780 nm and 390 nm with input intensities
2·10 13 W/cm 2 in fused silica.
Fig. 1. Spatial evolution <strong>of</strong> electric field envelope ε ( z , t ) for the pulses interaction with peak
input intensity I 1 =I 2 =2·10 13 W/cm 2
Fig. 2. Quasi-discrete spectrum <strong>of</strong> generated sequence
The interaction was modeled by nonlinear equations describing the temporal
evolution <strong>of</strong> light pulse electrical fields and their spatial - temporal spectra upon the pulses

66 OPTOINFORMATICS’05
propagation in fused silica fiber [1] . Pulses initially separated by time delay, but since they
have different central wavelengths the lower frequency pulse overtakes higher frequency
one and interaction takes place. The spectrum <strong>of</strong> resulting sequence is shown on Fig. 2.
The width <strong>of</strong> each spectral peak that corresponds single pulse in output sequence is about
20 nm that is similar to standard coarse WDM systems channel width. But such sequences
are interested not only as optical source for WDM systems, they can be used alone as
method <strong>of</strong> encode and transmit data packages in practically one optical signal (Fig. 3) not
splitting it by several channels. However since the spectrum <strong>of</strong> complete sequence is very
wide the application area is limited to short distances.
Fig. 3. Example <strong>of</strong> bit package encoding by “cutting <strong>of</strong>f” specific spectral components from quasidiscrete
spectrum <strong>of</strong> output sequence (a) and corresponding spectrum (b)
The number <strong>of</strong> pulses in the output sequence can easily be managed just by changing
the time distance between input pulses. Further analysis <strong>of</strong> two pulses interaction in
nonlinear media shows that not only pulses collision and passing one through another is
important, but ultrabroadening <strong>of</strong> their spectrums and interaction <strong>of</strong> separate spectral
components <strong>of</strong> each pulses plays a significant role. If both pulses spectrums are in normal
group dispersion range their front contains lower-frequency components, then the tail –
higher frequencies. Thus it is possible to use not only pulses with different mean
wavelengths, but similar pulses also. The principle <strong>of</strong> sequence generation remains the
same – the generation takes place because <strong>of</strong> the interaction <strong>of</strong> the pulse fragments with
different spectral composition.
Thus, the work shows that interaction <strong>of</strong> two intensive few-cycle laser pulses in
nonlinear media may result in generation <strong>of</strong> sequence <strong>of</strong> ultrashort signals. The sequence
has a quasi-discrete spectrum that allows effectively usage <strong>of</strong> such sequence for
information encoding.
The work is supported by Grant N 05-02-16556 <strong>of</strong> the Russian Foundation for Basic
Research.
1. Shpolyanskiy Yu.A., Belov D.L., Bakhtin M.A., Kozlov S.A. Analytic study <strong>of</strong>
continuum spectra pulse dynamics in optical waveguides // Appl. Phys. B: Lasers and
Optics. 2003. V.77. N.2 3, P. 349 355.

SAINT-PETERSBURG, October 17 – 20, 2005 67
THE PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF VIBRATION
ISOLATION SYSTEM DESIGNS FOCUSING THE
APPLICATIONS FROM DIMENSIONAL TO QUANTUM
METROLOGY SET UPS IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
S. N. Bagchi
Vibration Engineering- Design Section,
RPL., B-103, Sector – 5, Noida – 201 301, India
E-mail: sales@resist<strong>of</strong>lexindia.com
This is an industrial application oriented presentation on the trends in vibration
and shock isolation system design . The applications are wide spread from QC labs
near mechanical workshop area to micro-biology and Laser fluorescence
microscope laboratory set ups to study the chromosomes in a medical centre. In
addition to this any surgeon also need a vibration isolated operation table to
perform a delicate brain or heart surgery in a hospital.
Just 100 years ago in 1905 Albert Einstein had published his outstanding
contributions in the field Quantum Physics, Photo electric effect, Special and General
theory <strong>of</strong> relativity which later formed the backbone <strong>of</strong> modern technological
advancement and have connectivity to almost all facets <strong>of</strong> our life in the form <strong>of</strong>
understanding the Universal laws <strong>of</strong> nature and space & on the other hand
Optical communication to CD player hardware. So a mention <strong>of</strong> Space –Time
dimensions, Mass – Energy equivalence is made to keep the connectivity to World
year <strong>of</strong> Physics (WYP 2005) and Quantum Physics during introduction phase.
Also an attempt is made to highlight the connectivity between mechanical science
and Physics concepts. An analogy <strong>of</strong> Machine vibration and Molecular Vibration
spectra presented . Industrial Spring Damper supported system design for a heavy
coal crusher <strong>of</strong> any power plant compared to the requirement <strong>of</strong> a sensitive
Micro- Electronic fabrication workshop or Nano - Technology experimental set up.
The Physical and Mathematical aspects are briefed and limited to a moderate level
<strong>of</strong> Newtonian Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics in view <strong>of</strong> better interaction
with the audience from multi disciplinary branches and subjects . Non Linear systems
used for isolation <strong>of</strong> shock <strong>of</strong> the order <strong>of</strong> isolation <strong>of</strong> the Fuzzy and Generic
Logic concepts are used to bring out the close connectivity between Theory <strong>of</strong>
Chaos , Symmetry concepts in Physics and Machine designs.
Glimpses <strong>of</strong> applications in other areas are shown in the concluding slides.