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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material a NAS PS Module with the top cover removed to show cells. The interstices between cells are filled with sand which functions as both packing material and heat sink. Figure 1-3. NAS PS Module Voltage and temperature profiles during a 100% DOD charge-discharge cycle of a NAS PS Module are shown in Figure 1-4. (Temperature sensors are located on the inner side and bottom surfaces of the enclosure and are insulated from cells by the sand filler; hence, temperature data lag duty cycle events due to the rate of heat transfer from cells to the sensor location.) The internal temperature of the module is observed to increase steeply during discharge mode due to the combined effects of ohmic heating (I 2 R) and the exothermic cell reaction. During the charge mode, ohmic heating combines with the cell endothermic reaction to effect a gradual cooling. Resistance heaters on the inner side and bottom of the enclosure maintain the module at a temperature above 290C during standby. 200 Battery Temperature 350 180 330 DC Voltage 160 140 Constant Pow er Discharge at 52.6 kW dc Programmed Charge at 57.0, 35.6, 23.8, 11.9 kW dc Heat Rejection at 3.4 kW Battery Voltage 310 290 Temperature, C 120 Discharge Standby Charge Standby 270 100 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time,hours 250 Figure 1-4. PS Module Voltage & Temperature During a Peak Shaving Cycle 1-4
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Reference peak shaving profiles for both PS and PQ Modules are shown in Figure 1-5. These profiles show a gradual increase in power at the beginning of the discharge interval to minimize grid transients, a constant power plateau, and a gradual decrease in power at the end. These profiles illustrate a thermal management strategy that allows 100% depth of discharge within temperature limits over the minimum time interval. Since the majority of applications that only involve peak shaving do not require a rapid transition of power, these profiles are deemed to be an acceptable basis for defining basic performance parameters for NAS products. As shown on the figure, the Rated PS Capacities for the PQ and PS Modules are 360 and 430 kWh ac , respectively; and the Rated PS Power for both modules is 50 kW ac . Power, kW ac 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 PQ Module, 360 kWhac Rated PS Capacity PS Module, 430 kWhac Rated PS Capacity Rated PS Pow er, 50 kWac (both modules) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time, hr Figure 1-5. Reference Peak Shaving Profiles (both modules) While gradual load changes yield the most energy efficient duty cycle, mitigation of power disturbances such as sags and momentary outages requires step load changes within a few milliseconds. Both NAS modules can reach full power within one millisecond, and the PQ Module has been specifically developed for PQ applications and combined PQ and PS applications. Figure 1-6 illustrates the capability of the PQ Module to deliver step load pulses of power for durations ranging from 30 seconds to 3 hours. (Thermal management of longer duration discharges requires discharge profiles similar to those shown in Figure 1-5.) As noted in Table 1-1, NGK defines the term “Pulse Factor” as the ratio of the maximum power for the stated duration to the Rated PS Power. For example, the PQ Module can deliver 400% Rated PS Power (i.e., 4 times 50 kW equals 200 kW) for 15 minutes as indicated Figure 1-6. The PS Module can also deliver step load pulses of power. It is capable of supplying 60 kW (120% of rated power) for up to 3 hours. 1-4
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