Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com
Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or ... - W2agz.com
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material Table 3 Summary of Applications Requirements Application Size Duration Plant Capacity DR/Peak 0.5–25 4-8 hours 1 MWh– Shaving MW 100 MWh Spinning Reserve Windfarm Stabilization & Dispatch 1–1000 MW 100 kW– 100 MW 2 hr 2–2000 MWh 4–8 hours 0.5–800 MWh Response Duty Cycle Time 1-10 min 20-50 events/yr 10 min 5–60 events/yr 1 sec (stability) Continuous for stability (when operating); 10-50 events/yr for dispatch Roundtrip Efficiency Low (
EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material 3.2. DR/Peak Shaving Description By strategically locating BESS technology such as the VRB in the T&D system, utility planners can efficiently manage load growth. Rather than constructing new substations (or upgrading capacity in existing substations) to meet future growth, the planner can use storage to add only the required “incremental” capacity, sized to serve peak loads for a year or two. To further enhance its value, the VRB can be constructed as a “transportable” BESS. This use of storage defers T&D capacity additions, shifting substation capital costs into the future. In cases where forecasted load growth does not occur, temporary BESS installations would eliminate the substation capital expenditure entirely. Under this strategy, where load forecasts are uncertain, storage would be used as a risk management tool. Whether temporarily deferring capacity upgrades or providing risk management, a transportable VRB could be scheduled and moved to other locations on the utility system as necessary. This strategy would allow the planner to target the most critical planning areas, capturing multiple benefits over the service life of the BESS. Unlike other generator technologies, the VRB can be easily sited with no emissions permits or fuel handling (although local regulations and standards related to occupational health and safety, materials handling, and transportation must be followed). Alternatives While other distributed resource (DR) technologies (such as diesel gensets and fuel cells) can also provide peak shaving service, the primary alternative to the VRB is the conventional method by which T&D planners provide for capacity: T&D upgrades. These generally include new substations and substation upgrades, and may also include line capacity increases. Control/Dispatch Strategy To maximize the peak power reduction for a given kWh energy rating, the VRB would be controlled to follow load above a user-defined threshold load. This caps the load at the threshold value and fully utilizes the energy storage capabilities of the battery. The peak shaving technical requirements for interconnection and controls would be very similar for customer peak shaving. For large industrial or commercial customers, the VRB could be used to reduce the demand charges by capping load at a fixed threshold. The system would be cycled for several weeks out of the year, depending upon the actual loads relative to the T&D capacity constraints. Vanadium Redox Battery 23
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EPRI Proprietary Licensed Material<br />
Table 3<br />
Summary <strong>of</strong> Applications Requirements<br />
Application Size Duration Plant<br />
Capacity<br />
DR/Peak 0.5–25 4-8 hours 1 MWh–<br />
Shaving MW<br />
100 MWh<br />
Spinning<br />
Reserve<br />
Windfarm<br />
Stabilization<br />
& Dispatch<br />
1–1000<br />
MW<br />
100 kW–<br />
100 MW<br />
2 hr 2–2000<br />
MWh<br />
4–8 hours 0.5–800<br />
MWh<br />
Response Duty Cycle<br />
Time<br />
1-10 min 20-50<br />
events/yr<br />
10 min 5–60<br />
events/yr<br />
1 sec<br />
(stability)<br />
Continuous<br />
<strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong> stability<br />
(when<br />
operating);<br />
10-50<br />
events/yr <strong>f<strong>or</strong></strong><br />
dispatch<br />
Roundtrip<br />
Efficiency<br />
Low<br />
(
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